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247 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are incisors for? |
For gnawing and grooming |
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What structure on the maxilla behind front incisors helps with smell? |
incisive papilla |
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What duct is on either side of the incisive papilla? |
nasopalatine duct |
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What are canines used for? |
For prehending and holding |
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What are premolars used for? |
Cheek teeth for shearing and grinding |
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What are molars used for? |
For shearing and grinding |
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Which teeth are the carnassial teeth? |
UPPER 4TH PM AND LOWER 1ST MOLAR |
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What is the puppy dental formula? |
2(i3/3, c1/1,p3/3)= 28 |
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What is the kitten dental formula? |
2(i3/3, c1/1, p3/2)= 26 |
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What is the canine dental formula? |
2(I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3)= 42 |
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What is the feline dental formula? |
2(I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1)= 30 |
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define Palatal |
refers to the surface of maxillary teeth adjacent to the palate |
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Define mesial |
refers to the portion of the tooth in line with the dental arcade that is closest to the most rostral portion of the midline of the dental arch |
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How many roots do maxillary premolars have in dogs? |
1ST- 1 ROOT 2ND, 3RD*: 2 ROOTS 3RD*, 4TH: 3 ROOTS |
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How many roots do maxillary molars have in dogs? |
1st, 2nd: 3 roots |
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How many roots do mandibular premolars have in dogs? |
PREMOLARS: 1ST: 1 ROOT 2ND, 3RD: 4TH: 2 ROOTS |
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How many roots do mandibular molars have in dogs? |
MOLARS: 1ST, 2ND- 2 ROOTS 3RD*- 1 OR 2 ROOTS |
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How many roots do maxillary premolars have in cats? |
PREMOLARS: 1ST- NOT PRESENT 2ND: 1 OR 2 ROOTS 3RD: 2 OR 3 ROOTS 4TH: 3 ROOTS |
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How many roots do mandibular premolars have in cats? |
PREMOLARS: 1ST 2ND: NOT PRESENT 3RD 4TH: 2 ROOTS |
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At what age do dogs' permanent incisors typically erupt? |
12-16 weeks |
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At what age do cats' permanent incisors typically erupt? |
11-16 weeks |
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At what age do dogs' permanent canines typically erupt? |
12-16 weeks |
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At what age do cats' permanent canines typically erupt? |
12-20 weeks |
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At what age do dogs' permanent premolars typically erupt? |
16-20 weeks |
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At what age do cats' permanent premolars typically erupt? |
16-20 weeks |
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At what age do dogs' permanent molars typically erupt? |
16-20 weeks |
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At what age do cats' permanent molars typically erupt? |
20-24 weeks |
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describe Anisognathism |
A normal head anatomy |
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CLASS I malocclusions |
Most common type of occlusion. common examples: lingually displaced (base narrow) mandibular canines, anterior cross bite (one or more max. incisors are behind mand. incisors), lanced canines, rostral cross bite (anterior cross bite is when mandibular molars are buccal to maxillary molars) |
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CLASS II malocclusions |
referred to as distoclusion, overset or overshot. ("over bite") Either short mandible or long maxilla. |
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CLASS III malocclusions |
mesioclusion, underjet or undershot or "underbite" Normal in brachycephalic breeds and considered "standard" |
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Wry bite |
Asymmetric skeletal malocclusion |
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What is a persistent primary tooth/teeth. |
WHERE THE PRIMARY TOOTH IS STILL IN PLACE AND THE ADULT TOOTH IS GROWING IN NEXT TO IT |
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why it is important to identify when a tooth is missing and perform radiographs. |
Always require dental radiograph. Reasons for missing teeth: Congenital absence, Never erupted, Absent from trauma or periodontal disease. You want to make sure the entire root is gone. |
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Anodontia |
absence of teeth |
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What is a supernumerary tooth |
extra tooth |
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Describe the difference between a fused tooth and a gemini tooth. |
Fused teeth results from the joining of 2 developing teeth that have different tooth buds. Gemini tooth results when a tooth bud is partially divided in attempt to form 2 teeth. |
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Abrasions |
Result from repeated friction of teeth against external object such as hair or toys |
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Attrition |
Results from friction of teeth against each other |
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GINGIVITIS: |
INFLAMMATION OF THE GINGIVA |
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PERIODONTAL DISEASE: |
Inflammation and infection of periodontium that is progressive if left untreated |
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PELLICLE: |
GLYCOPROTEIN IN SALIVA THAT ATTACHES TO TOOTH IN 20 MINUTES |
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CALCULUS: |
IS PLAQUE THAT IS NOT REMOVED WITHIN 24 HOURS MINERALIZES INTO CALCULUS |
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PLAQUE: |
Plaque forms on teeth within 6-8 hours. Comprised of bacteria, food debris, exfoliated cells, and salivary glycoproteins |
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BIOFILM: |
Bacteria are arranged in biofilm. Aggregate of bacterial colonies protected by polysaccharide complex. Disruption of biofilm is important of control of Periodontal Disease |
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etiology of periodontal disease. |
Subgingival plaque bacteria and body’s response to it |
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pathogenesis of periodontal disease. |
Bacteria found in subgingival plaque release endotoxins and enzymes that damage periodontal tissues |
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Healthy bacterial flora is what type of bacteria |
gram positive aerobic |
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What happens with bacteria in the presence of periodontal dz |
Gram-negative bacteria begin to colonize as periodontal disease progresses. Aerobic bacteria metabolize the oxygen creating environment for anaerobic bacteria and spirochetes to developBacteria are arranged in biofilm |
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how the patient’s immune response contributes to damage to periodontium. |
Patient’s immune response contributes to the pathogenesis bc WBCs release cytokines in attempt to fight bacteria and Cytokines cause further inflammation to the periodontal tissues. |
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What makes a CLASS 1 FE? |
Exposure < 1 mm |
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What makes a CLASS 2 FE? |
Exposure > 1 mmNot fully through |
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What makes a CLASS 3 FE? |
Complete exposure. Probe able to pass through |
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STAGE 0 of periodontal disease AVDC classification system |
NORMAL |
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STAGE 1 of periodontal disease AVDC classification system |
MILD INFLAMMATION OF GINGIVA, NO ATTACHMENT LOSS, REVERSIBLE AT THIS STAGE |
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STAGE 2 of periodontal disease AVDC classification system |
LARGER AMOUNT OF PLAQUE/CALCULUS, GINGIVITS AND BLEEDING GUMS, <25% ATTACHMENT LOSS, CLASS 1 FURCATION |
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STAGE 3 of periodontal disease AVDC classification system |
Significant gingivitis and bone involvement. 25-50% attachment loss and/or Class 2 furcation. Teeth may be mobile and gingival recession may be present. Have moderate calculus. Often require advanced periodontal therapy or extraction |
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STAGE 4 of periodontal disease AVDC classification system |
Advanced breakdown of support structures with deep pockets> 50% attachment loss and/or Class 3 furcation. Will require advanced periodontal therapy or extraction |
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Stomatitis |
inflammation that extends beyond the mucoginigival junction. more common in cats. signs: decreased appetite, anorexia, halitosis, blood tinged saliva |
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Lymphocytic plasmacytic stomatitis (gingivitis) |
Develop inflammatory response disproportionate to level of plaque accumulation AKA: feline chronic gingivostomatitis |
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clinical signs a cat that may have gingivostomatitis/LPGS |
DECREASED APPETITE, ANOREXIA, HALITOSIS, DEHYDRATION, BLOOD TINGED SALIVA. inappropriate inflammation with small amount of plaque. |
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treatment goals for gingivostomatitis/LPGS |
GOALS: Aimed at reducing the inflammatory process, decreasing discomfort and allowing better nutrition. treat: Full mouth extractions best option |
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“CUPS” |
CHRONIC ULCERATIVE PARADENTAL STOMATITIS |
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Identify a dog that may have “CUPS”. |
BRACHYCEPHALICS- DUE TO THEIR SMUSHED FACES |
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FORL |
Feline Ondontoclastic Resorptive Lesion |
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What causes tooth resorption? |
Animal’s tooth attacked by own body and undergoes disintegration |
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Enamel Hypoplasia. |
Enamel did not form properly during development |
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2 main etiologies of Enamel Hypoplasia and an example of each. |
1. Local injury- trauma (usually only affects 1 tooth). 2. Systemic: Distemper virus, Tetracycline (antibiotic use during tooth development), Hereditary- usually evenly dispersed over all teeth. |
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What are teeth affected with Enamel Hypoplasia are at risk for. |
sensitivity, increased wear, tooth fx, periodontal dz |
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Identify species and teeth, Caries are most likely to occur in. |
Uncommon in dog, rare in cat. Occur on occlusal surfaces of back molars |
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how are Tooth Resorption different than Caries. |
TOOTH RESPORTION IS WHEN THE TOOTH IS ATTACKED BY ITS OWN BODY. CARIES ARE AN INVASION OF BACTERIA. |
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complicated tooth fracture |
tooth fx with pulp exposed |
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uncomplicated tooth fx |
tooth fx with no pulp exposure |
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Treatment for tooth Fracture with pulp exposure < 48hrs |
Vital pulp therapy or extraction |
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Treatment for tooth Fractures with pulp exposure > 48hrs |
Root canal or extraction |
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Treatment for Fractured deciduous teeth |
extraction ASAP |
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treatment for tooth fx with No pulp exposure/no radiographic changes |
Dentinal sealant or composite restoration |
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Identify a tooth with pulpitis |
will look discolored |
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etiologies of pulpitis. |
Usually secondary to trauma either by blunt force or chewing on hard items |
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why does pulpitis often ends in the death of the tooth. |
92% OF DISCOLORED TEETH SHOW EVIDENCE OF NECROSIS ON EXPLORATORY |
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treatment options for a tooth with pulpitis. |
extraction |
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Oronasal fistula |
Communication between nasal cavity and mouth due: Trauma, Extraction complication, Severe periodontal disease. |
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How do you stabilize a fracture in a growing dog? |
tape muzzle |
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gingival hyperplasia. |
Overproliferation of gum tissues |
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etiology and treatment of gingival hyperplasia. |
Reaction usually secondary to inflammatory response to plaque and bacteria- gingivectomy to remove excess gum & home care to prevent plaque and bacteria |
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most common oral tumor in a cat. |
SQAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC) |
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What part of the instrument is the Shank? |
Joins working end with handle |
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What park of the instrument is the Terminal shank? |
Part of shank closest to working end |
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What part of the instrument is the Working end? |
Portion that comes into contact with tooth |
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What instrument is used to measures sulcus depth and assess mobility? |
periodontal probe |
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What is normal sulcus depth in dog and cat? |
Dogs = 1-3mm. Cats = 0.5-1mm |
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What instrument is usually on the other side of the periodontal probe? |
Dental explorer |
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What instrument Explores topography of tooth surface? |
Dental explorer |
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Describe a Scaler and what its used for |
3 sharp edges and sharp tip. Removes supragingival calculus, usually double ended, Always pull coronally |
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Describe a curette and what its used for |
2 sharp sides and round toe, Ends are mirror images, Can be used anywhere in mouth, Best used subgingivally to remove fine plaque and calculus |
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Describe modified pen grasp |
3 fingertips placed in tripod position, Index and thumb rest where handle and shank meet, Middle finger pad rests on shank |
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Why use modified pen grasp? |
precise control & Tactile sensitivity |
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What is INDIA sharpening stone used for? |
Used for coarse sharpening of overly dull instrument, use oil |
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What is ARKANSAS sharpening stone used for? |
Arkansas – Used for final sharpening of instrument, use oil |
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What is CONICAL sharpening stone used for? |
Conical – Round Arkansas stone used to provide final sharpening of instrument face |
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What are ceramic sharpening stones used for? |
Ceramic – Used for fine sharpening, use water |
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Identify the 2 types of power scalers. |
Ultrasonic – Most common. Sonic |
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how are vibrations of a power scaler measured. |
Measured by frequency or number of times the tip moves back and forth in 1 second (cps or Hz). how vibrations of a power scaler are measured.CPS- cycles per second. CPS and Hz are the same thing (frequency of tool can not be changed) |
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what does the term amplitude means when describing tip motion. |
AMPLITUDE IS THE DISTANCE THE HAND PIECE MOVES BACK AND FORTH. (can be adjusted by power knob) |
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How are magnetostrictive and piezoelectric different? |
In its mechanism of action, type of transducer, and direction of tip movement. |
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What tip pattern do magnetostrictive and piezoelectric have? |
magnetostrictive- elliptical or circle piezoelectric- straight/linear |
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Which ultrasonic scaler uses crystals? |
piezoelectric |
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2 types of magnetostrictive ultrasonic scalers |
METAL STACKS AND FERROCERAMIC ROD |
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Which magnetostrictive tip needs to be drain and which needs to be filled when inserting? |
Metal stacks: Fill handpiece with water before insertion FERROCERAMIC ROD: Handpiece is drained before insertion of insert |
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Identify the 2 different settings utilized on a power scaler. |
Power (AMPLITUDE) and water flow |
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Describe the function of the power knob on the dental unit. |
Changes amplitude (distance tip moves back and forth in one cycle) |
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2 benefits of water flow through the scaler handpiece. |
Cools tooth to prevent damage, Disruption of biofilm via:Acoustic turbulence/ microstreaming, Cavitation |
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Acoustic turbulence: |
is distruption of bacteria in plaque caused by streaming of fluid over the tooth surface, or churning of fluid within confined pocket space. |
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Cavitation |
energy that is created from the mist of water |
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what type of water should always be used in a dental unit or power scaler |
distilled |
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Identify the 2 types of dental units used. |
Air powered, electric powered |
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Identify the 3 different types of handpieces on dental units. |
Low speed handpiece- polished teeth, dental procedures that need contra angle. High speed handpiece- cutting teeth, root canals. 3 way syringe- air, water, both |
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What are Low-speed handpieces used for? |
Used for polishing teeth (prophy angle) and performing dental procedures requiring a contra-angle. |
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What are High-speed hand pieces used for? |
Used for cutting teeth, making root canal entries, and other procedures. Comes in either push button or chuck key |
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Explain proper care of low-speed and high-speed handpieces. |
Lubricate at end of each day use. Oil or spray that comes with handpiece must be used. Insert lubricant into smaller of 2 large holes |
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COHAT: |
Comprehensive Oral Health Assessment & treatment |
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Describe the proper use of a mouth gag during the COHAT. |
Mouth gags should only be used for a few minutes at a time, if at all.Do not overextend mandible if use |
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general technique used for scaling teeth supragingivally |
Use pen grasp or modified pen grasp. Make sure water is on – “Halo”. Side of the tip is held parallel (0-15 degree angle) to tooth surface. Last 2-4mm of working end is most effective. Start out with sweeping cross strokes, then work in various directions. Scale <15 SECONDS PER TOOTH. Can come back to tooth in 1-2 minutes |
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general technique used for scaling teeth subgingivally |
Can use combination of:Ultrasonic scaler with perio tip, Curette. Removes calculus, plaque and toxins from root surface. Ultrasonic scaler power must be TURNED DOWN |
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Where can hand scalers be used? |
supragingivally only |
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Where can hand curettes be used? |
Can be used anywhere in mouth. Best used subgingivally to remove fine plaque and calculus |
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what is the most important step of a COHAT is and why. |
STEP 4: SUBGINGIVAL SCALING. Can use combination of: Ultrasonic scaler with perio tip, Curette |
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What is purpose of polishing? |
smooths surface, removes extrinsic stains |
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What is technique for polishing? |
Gentle pressure in circular motion, Slight flare of rim of cup, < 3-5 seconds per tooth |
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Two ways to detect missed calculus |
air dry & will turn white, disclosing solution |
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What instruments are needed for diagnostic dental charting? |
periodontal probe, dental explorer |
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How hard do you press periodontal probe? |
as hard as pushing it 2mm into your hand |
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why should full mouth radiographs should be done on every patient. |
Routine dental rads on “normal” mouths showed disease: 25% of time in dogs, 40% of time in cats- due to tooth resorption. Full mouth rads on every patient is now gold standard |
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Why do we use fluoride? |
strengthens enamel, Decreases sensitivity associated with exposed dentin and/or root surfaces. |
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How do you apply fluoride? |
“Painted” on teeth and left on for 1-5 minutes, then wiped off.do not rinse |
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Discuss methods used to acclimate patients to tooth brushing. |
use visual aids, online videos, client handouts, etc. |
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What is the most effective method in preventing periodontal disease in the dog and the cat. |
BRUSHING- best way to prevent periodontal disease |
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3 general rules for choosing toys and chews for dogs and cats. |
3 rules in choosing: 1. It must bend or break easily when flexed. 2. If item is hit on your knee cap and it hurts, it should not be fed, 3. If you mentally grimace when you think about chewing it, it should not be fed |
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Explain what VOHC stands for and why an owner should look for this seal on oral health care products. |
AVDC formed veterinary oral health council (VOHC) to set testing protocol. tested products are awarded the VOHC seal |
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Periosteal elevator |
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Periodontal elevator |
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Magnetostrictive ferroceramic rod |
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Magnetostrictive metal stacks |
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curette (mirror images) |
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Periodontal probe & dental explorer |
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SCALER |
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How long does it take pellicle to form? |
20 minutes |
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How long does it take plaque to form? |
6-8 hours |
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How long does it take calculus to form (plaque to mineralize)? |
24 hours |
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Onset of action for lidocaine 2% |
3-5 minutes |
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Onset of action for bupivicaine |
4-20 minutes |
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Onset of action for bupivicaine |
4-20 minutes |
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Duration of action of lidocaine |
1.5-2 hours |
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Onset of action for bupivicaine |
4-20 minutes |
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Duration of action of lidocaine |
1.5-2 hours |
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Duration of action for bupivicaine |
4-10 hours |
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Most commonly used local anesthetic |
bupivicaine 0.5% |
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For this block the needle is placed 0.5 cm deep into the caudal hard palate of the cat and 1 cm deep into the caudal hard palate of the dog. |
Maxillary nerve block |
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The foramen for this block is located dorsal to the maxillary third premolar. |
Infraorbital nerve block |
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This block affects sensation of the soft tissue and bone of the entire ipsilateral mandible. |
inferior alveolar nerve block |
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This block may cause numbness of the tongue and therefore self-inflicted trauma. |
Inferior alveolar nerve block |
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The foramen for this block is located ventral to the mesial root of the mandibular second premolar. |
Middle Mental Nerve Block |
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The foramen for this block is located caudal and ventral to the mandibular third molar in the dog and the mandibular first molar in the cat. |
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block |
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This block requires a needle that is bent 1cm from the tip. |
Maxillary Nerve Block |
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This block is placed just caudal to the maxillary second molar in the dog or the maxillary first molar in the cat. |
Maxillary nerve block |
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This blocks helps prevent sensation to the ipsilateral mandible rostral to the labial frenulum. |
Middle mental nerve block |
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This block causes a loss of sensation rostral only to the third premolar on the ipsilateral maxilla. |
Infraorbital nerve block |
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This block prevents sensation of the entire maxillary quadrant on the buccal and palatal sides of the teeth. |
Maxillary nerve block |
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This block has an intraoral and extraoral approach described. |
inferior alveolar |
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What should always be done prior to injecting the local anesthesia into the region? Explain why? |
Aspirated before injecting to ensure the needle is not in a blood vessel. Bupivicaine is cardio toxic if given IV. |
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What size needle should be used to administer local anesthesia for oral surgery? |
Book says 27 or 28 gauge, 25 works as well |
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What are toxic side effects of Lidocaine and Bupivacaine? |
Neuro, CNS toxicity, cardiac toxicity |
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What regional nerve block do you need to be conscious of head shape and size? |
Infraorbital. much shorter In brachycephalics and even shorter in cats. |
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Explain why splash blocks and infiltration blocks are usually less effective than regional nerve blocks. |
With splash blocks the tissues have already been cut and if there is inflammation and the pH is increased it will not take up the analgesic as well. With the infiltration it just blocks pain in a specific area of tissue or ligament and not the nerve around it so it does not prevent wind up. |
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Maxillary Nerve Block |
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Middle mental nerve block |
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Infraorbital nerve block |
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Inferior alveolar nerve block |
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List the 2 types of power scalers that are available |
Ultrasonic and sonic |
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The puppy or kitten has _______ teeth, whereas the adult dog has_______ teeth. |
primary/ secondary |
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The term for mammals that have 2 sets of teeth (primary and adult) is__________ . |
diphyodont |
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The term used to describe the tooth type that has a large reserve crown androot structure that allows for continued growth over an animal’s lifetime is ______________ |
hypsodont . |
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The term used to describe the tooth type in which the crown is relatively small compared with the size of the well-developed roots is__________ |
brachydont . |
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The anatomic term used to describe the attachment structures of the teeth is__________ . |
periodontium |
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The___________ is the hard layer covering the surface of the tooth root. |
cementum |
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Explain how the vibrations of power scalers are measured. |
Measured by frequency or number of times the tip moves back and forth in 1 second. The Units for thismeasurement is cps (cycles per second or Hz). The higher the frequenzy the more effective at removing calculus, but also the more potential it has to harm the tooth. |
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Explain how ultrasonic scalers work to remove plaque and calculus on the teeth. |
Ultrasonic cleaners convert electrical energy from a power source into a sound wave that can then be converted to vibrations by the handpiece. |
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2 different types of ultrasonic scalers. |
Piezoelectric & Magnetostrictive. |
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List the 2 types of magnetostrictive scalers. |
Metal Stacks Ferroceramic Rod |
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what is the most common type of power scaler used in human and veterinary dentistry. |
magnetostrictive |
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What does the power knob do on the dental unit? |
Adjusts the amplitude, which is the distance the tip moves back and forth in 1 cycle. |
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When should high-power versus low-power setting be used? |
High power is used to remove calculus while low power is good for removing plaque. You should always use the lowest setting possible for your task. Turn the power down when sub gingival. |
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List the 2 types of dental units for polishing and drilling and state which one is more commonly used in veterinary medicine. |
Electrical powered Air Powered- preferred |
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List the 3 handpieces that come with the dental unit and describe the function of each. |
Low speed handpiece- for polishing teeth & endodontics High speed handpiece- for drilling into teeth & endodontics 3 way syringe- blowing air and spraying water |
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What teeth on each side of the mouth in a dog have three roots? |
Maxillary 4th PM, 2nd molars |
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the pulp canal in the tooth contains: |
blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue |
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Enamel which is the hardest body substance is: |
relatively nonporous and impervious
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Dentin is covered by which two substances? |
cementum and enamel |
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Normal scissor occlusion is when the maxillary fourth premolar occludes: |
ducally to the mandibular first molar |
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Carnassial teeth in dogs are: |
P4, M1 |
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Free or marginal gingiva forms |
the sulcus around the tooth |
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the periodontium includes the periodontal ligament and what other structures? |
gingiva, cementum, alveolar bone |
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When using the hand instrument to clean teeth how should it be performed? |
use a modified pen grasp with overlapping pull strokes the are directed away from the gingival margin (coronally) |
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Pocket depth is measured from the |
current free margin to the bottom of the gingival sulcus |
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PPE for dental prophylaxis |
gloves, goggles, mask |
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Malocclusion in which one side of the mandible or maxilla is disproportionate to its other side |
Wry bite |
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Malocclusion in which the upper fourth pm lies palatal to the first molars |
posterior cross bite |
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Malocclusion in which the canines erupt in an overly upright position, or the mandible is narrowed |
Base narrow mandibular canines |
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Malocclusion in which one or more of the upper incisor teeth are caudal to the lower incisors |
anterior crossbite |
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the most common benign soft tissue tumor of the oral cavity is: |
epulide tumor |
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dry socket is most likely to form when one: |
over irrigates the tooth socket so that no clot can form |
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another term for neck lesions on feline teeth |
feline external odontoclastic resorptive lesions or feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions. |
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What size dental film should be used to ensure the entire tooth is visible? |
4 |
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flap side of dental film should be facing: |
away from tube head |
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elongated teeth on X-rays happen because the beam was perpendicular to what? |
the tooth |
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the bulk of the tooth is composed of |
dentin |
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the most common mistake made in treating periodontal dz is |
inadequate root planning |
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of cats and dogs 6 yo +, what percentage have periodontal dz? |
85% |
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ideally, the cutting edge of the scaler should be held at what angle to the tooth surface? |
45-90 degrees |
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a complication that may develop if sub gingival plaque is improperly removed is |
torn epithelial attachment |
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The upper fourth premolar communicates with what sinus? |
maxillary |
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gingival recession is measured starting at the |
cemento-enamel junction |
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Max time polishing 1 tooth is |
5 seconds |
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The next step if lower incisors are mobile in a cat or small dog is |
the gingival sulcus depth should be tested |
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in what percentage of cats do routine dental rads show pathology? |
40% |
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what sharpening hand instruments what angle is recommended between stone and instrument? |
110 |
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missing teeth are document on dental chart by |
circling tooth |
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what is the function of hexametaphosphate (HMP) in veterinary diet that helps prevent plaque and tartar accumulation |
sequesters calcium in plaque fluids effectively reducing the mineralization of plaque
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T/F: Sharpening should be done after cleaning and disinfecting. |
t |
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CUPS |
CHRONIC ULCERATIVE PARADENTAL STOMATITIS |
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etiologies of enamel hypoplasia
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Etiologies:Local injury Systemic factors Distemper virus Tetracycline antibiotic use during tooth development Hereditary |
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Recognize clinical signs that may indicate the dog has a tooth fracture. |
Owners may notice pawing at face, reluctance to play with toys, stops eating hard food and treats |
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Fracture with pulp exposure < 48hrs |
Vital pulp therapy or extraction |
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Fractures with pulp exposure > 48hrs |
Root canal or extraction |
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Explain the common etiologies of pulpitis. |
Usually secondary to trauma either by blunt force or chewing on hard items |
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Explain common etiologies of an oronasal fistula and the most commonly associated tooth. |
Causes: Trauma Extraction complication Severe periodontal disease -UPPER CANINES |
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Describe the etiology of gingival hyperplasia and how this ties into treatment. |
Reaction usually secondary to inflammatory response to plaque and bacteria - home care important to prevent bacteria and plaque |
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Identify the most common oral tumor in a cat. |
SQAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC) |
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Sharpening stones: India |
– Used for coarse sharpening of overly dull instrument, use oil |
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Sharpening stones: Arkansas |
– Used for final sharpening of instrument, use oil |
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Sharpening stone: Conical |
– Round Arkansas stone used to provide final sharpening of instrument face |
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sharpening stone: Ceramic |
– Used for fine sharpening, use water |
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list the 12 steps in performing a COHAT |
1. pt hx and PE 2. Intra oral survey 3. Supragingival cleaning 4. Subgingival cleaning 5. Polishing 6. Sulcus irrigation/ lavage 7. Complete charting- missing teeth are circled, extraction are “x’ed” 8. Radiographs 9. Treatment plan 10. Flouride 11. Home care 12. Follow up plan |
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Calculate the maximum safe dose of Bupivacaine for a dog and a cat. |
2mg/kg dog, 1.5mg/kg cat |
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Describe common clinical signs that a pet may experience post-extraction and when the owner should call the clinic. |
Excessive swelling or bleeding, not eating for 24 hours, signs of pain |
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Identify common medications that a pet may go home on after extractions. |
Antibiotics like clindamycin, NSAIDs, tramadol or opioid most common |
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Explain the recommended feeding regimen for a post-extraction pet.feeding regimen |
soft food for 14 days is standard |
