Dentalbiochem

Front 1

bacterial fermentation

Back 1

how bacteria obtain ATP w/o Oxygen, causing dental caries and periodontal disease

Front 2

matter

Back 2

composed of atoms
-protons
-neutrons
-electrons

Front 3

protons

Back 3

positively charged particles

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electrons

Back 4

fleeting, negatively charged particles of insignificant mass and arranged in a clous

Front 5

what prevents the collapse of protons and neutrons?

Back 5

electron cloud

Front 6

what holds the atomic nucleus together?

Back 6

neutrons

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neutrons

Back 7

uncharged particles w/mass like protons. they supply the florce that holds the atomic n. together. they movement and cloud like structure of e-prevent their collapse into the nucleus

Front 8

atomic number

Back 8

number of protons in at atomic nucleus, differentiates the elements

Front 9

what number differentiates each element

Back 9

the atomic number

Front 10

since atoms are electrically neutral what acconts for the different chemical reactivity of different elements?

Back 10

chemical reactivity

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atomic mass

Back 11

sum of number of protons and neutrons in an elements atomic nucleus

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isotopes

Back 12

elements whose atoms have different number of neutrons and therefore a different atomic mass

since protons number is the same, they still are the same element but just has a different mass

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deuterium

Back 13

a rare isotope
"heavy hydrogen"

its atomic weight is 2, but its atomic number is 1 bc it only has one proton

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tritium

Back 14

third isotope of hydrogen

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3 hydrogent isotopes

Back 15

hydrogen
deuterium
tritium

Front 16

tritium and its radioactive qualities

Back 16

radioactive

it decays into helium which is stable. helium has molecular mass of 3daltons instead of 4

when tritium decays to helium, it emits beta partilces that are weak and that require a detector that emits a beam of light when exposed to the particle

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why is tritium radioactive?

Back 17

bc one of the tritium neutrons decaying into a proton and electron, forming a different element, helium. the emitted beta particle is fast moving electron-like particle that may be positively or negatively charged

Front 18

number of neutrons regualr hydrggen has?

Back 18

none

Front 19

hydrogen isotope that is v.unstable w/2neutrons

one neutron decays to form a proton and an electron to make helium

Back 19

tritium

Front 20

carbon predominant stable isotope

Back 20

carbon 12

carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons w/ atomic mass of 12 daltons

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C14

Back 21

Carbon atom w/6 protons and 8 neutrons

C14 is v.unstable and radioactive

A neutron decays into a prton and electron, giving out a beta emission more powerful than tritiums. the Atoms of C14 change into an isotoope of nitrogen, 7protons and 7neutrons.

Front 22

describe radioactive C14 in atmosphere

Back 22

it is constant in atmosphere bc synthesis and decay are always occurring

the energy of cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere carry out reverse rxn on nitrogen to make C14 in the atmosphere

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P32

Back 23

phosphorous short lived isootope which emits strong beta radiation unlike that from C14 or H3 isotopes

Front 24

how are radioactive isotope synthesized for biochem in med?

Back 24

in a nuclear reactor

Front 25

uses of radioactive elements in biochem

Back 25

follow biochemical rxn and Id metabolic or polymer interactions

Front 26

uses of radioactive elements in medicine

Back 26

targeted to cancer cell by radioactive chemical. the best known example is radioactive thyroxine which interacts w/certain tumore of the thyroid gland

Front 27

uses of radioactive elements in dating prehistoric bones and teeth

Back 27

C14 is replenished in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays (change nitrongen into C14)

it is rapidly oxidized to 14CO2 and dispersed. the ratio of C14 to C12 is constant over time. When plants or animals die, C14 is not re;lenished and decays slowly. from the ratio of C14 to C12 and the total carbon content of a sample, it is possible to determine how much C14 was lost relative to the current ratio and therefroe how long ageo the bone or tooth was part of a living organism.

the half life of C14 is 12000 years, it can only date artifacts up to 40,000years old

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Oxygen

Back 28

8 protons
8 nuetrons

atomic number of 8
atomic weight of 16

Front 29

where do most neutrons appear?

Back 29

in heavier elements beginning w/fluorine

Front 30

Fluorine

Back 30

9 protons
10 neutrons
atomic number of 9
atomic weith of 19

Front 31

major ions

Back 31

Na
Mg
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Cl
I

Front 32

Major contributors to carbon

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H
N
O
P
S

Front 33

trace elements

Back 33

V
Cr
Mo
B
AL
Si
F
As
Se
Br

Front 34

what determine the chemical properties of each element?

Back 34

electrons

Front 35

how are e- arranged?

Back 35

in one or more shells surrongding the nucleus. when e-fill a shell completely the element is stable

Front 36

noble gas

Back 36

stable element
where electrons fill a shell completely

helium
neon
argon

Front 37

molecule compositon

Back 37

molecules are composed of atoms that have taken part in chemical rxn and have lost or gained or shared the e- to complete their shells

Front 38

structure of matter

Back 38

protons (+)
electrons (-)
Neutrons

Front 39

what is known as proton glue?

Back 39

neutrons

Front 40

atomic weight

Back 40

aprrox the number of neutrons and protons in each element or isotope. e- have no mass

Front 41

electrons

Back 41

molecules form by elements completing electron shells by donating or sharing e- w/themselves or other elements

Front 42

radioactivity

Back 42

emission of positively or negatively charged particles when neutrons decay into protons. it is used to follow biochemical rxn, target cancer cells in medincine, and determine the age of relatively recent prehistoric bones and teeth

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ion

Back 43

elecrically charged atomic or molecular particles that forms an electrostatic bond

Front 44

examples of H cations and anions

Back 44

by electrostatic attraction (bonding)

hydrogen forms a cation w/Chloride or an anion w/lithium. these rxn provide nrg

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cations

Back 45

formed when element or molecule LOSES an e- and becomes positively charged

oxidized

Front 46

anions

Back 46

formed when elements or molecules GAINs an electron and becomes negatively charged

reduced

Front 47

Crystals

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elecrostatically bonded solids they ahve a regular repeating number of ions in an electrically neutral geometric shape, a crystal cell.

Front 48

major electrostatically boned solid crystal in body

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calcium phosphate

major crystal in bone it forms hydroxappetite

Front 49

amorphous solids

Back 49

electrostatically bonded solids that have no crystal cell

amorphous solids such as proteins may crystallize if allowed to precipitate under certiain conditions

Front 50

what are teeth and bone composed of?

Back 50

complex mixture of calcium phosphate crystals around a protein matrix

Front 51

what do number of protons, neutrons, and electrons each specify for an atom?

Back 51

protons specify atomic number and elements

neutrons specify isotopes

electrons specify chemical reactivity

the number of protons and e- are ALWAYS the same to keep elecrical charge of an atom neutral

Front 52

what physcial parameter differentiates any isotope?

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the mass of the atom, which depends on the number of neutrons present

Front 53

how are organic molecules formed/

Back 53

by electrron sharing

ex:carbon atoms usually share e- with another carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen, or oxygen atoms

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water bonding

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water consist of covalently bonded hydrogen and oxygen

the 8protons in O2 make its nucleus electon attraction compared w/hydrogen which only has one proton. the water molecule is stable but polarized

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why is water liquid?

Back 55

due to hydrogen bonding

between electronegative Oxygen and postive Hydrgen

Front 56

what do polarized carbon bonds provide?

Back 56

reactivity

Front 57

when is oxygen-carbon bond very strongly e- withdrawing?

Back 57

single oxygen-carbon bond in aldehydes,ketones, and carboxy acids are very strongly e- withdrawing

Front 58

what is the most e-withdrawing (in order) the C-O bond in aldehydes,ketones, and carboxy acids, the N in amines or sulfur atoms?

Back 58

the single oxygen carbon bond in aldehydes,ketones, and carboxy acids are very strong

nitrogen atom in amines and amides is less e- withdrawing.

sulfer atoms withdraw e- from carbon like nitrgen

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is H-C bond polarized?

Back 59

no H-C share e- equally so they are nonpolarized bonds and are less reactive than polar bonds

nonpolar bonds are v.non soluable (fa hydrocarbons)

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electrostatic

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soluble cations and anions and crystalline and amorphous solids

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examples of covalent polar bond

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C=0

C-N

C-S

H2O

Front 62

example of covalent non polar bonds

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C-C
C-H

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polarity

Back 63

e- withdrawing property of a substiuent like oxygen

it imparts chemical reactivity to organic molecules

Front 64

what is hydrogen bonding induced by?

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polar covalent bonding

Front 65

what is fermentation?

Back 65

respiration w/o oxygen

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what happens in photosynthesis?

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sunlight oxidizes water to molecular oxygen

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what happens in respiration/

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chemical rxns reduce molecular oxygen to water

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what happens in fermentaiton?

Back 68

oxygen is not involved. In saccharolytic fermentaions, carbs like sucroose and glucose are degraded to pyruvate and NADH + H+. Pyruvate gains e- by regenerating NAD+ and begin reduced to lactate

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where does fermentation mainly occur?

Back 69

in bacteria

Front 70

what is initial factor that causes cavities from glucose and sucrose?

Back 70

bacteria fermenting dietary sucrose to lactate and other acids

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what is periodontal disease associated w/?

Back 71

bacteria in gingival pockets hydrolyzing host proteins and releasing free aa that are fermented to ammonia and short chain fatty acids

bacteria have no urea cycles to remove ammonia so this makes ammonia pocket with a very hi pH

Front 72

major cause of dental caries

Back 72

fermentaion of ingested sucrose

bacteria adherent on teeth surfaces ferment the sucrose to get nrg (ATP ) without oxygen

the process causes production of lactate by glycolysis which supports bacterial growth and causes cavities at the tooth surface

Front 73

what does saccharolytic fermentation cause

Back 73

dental caries

Front 74

what does asaccharolytic fermentaion cause

Back 74

perio disease

Front 75

saccharolytic fermentiaon

Back 75

hexose splits into 2(3)C trisose phosphates (this costs one ATP)

triose phosphate gives tkes an e- from NAD+ to make pyruvate (makes 2 ATP)

pyruvate gives a e- to NADH to make lactate

Front 76

Asaccharolytic fermentation

perio disease process

Back 76

proteins break down into aa like alanine

alanine (NAD and H2O) become pyruvate + NADH +ammonia

Front 77

describe common characteristics of oral bacteria

Back 77

micor aerophillic and require CO2 and are either saccharolytic or asaccharolytic

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saccharolytic bacteria

Back 78

usually lie on coronal surfaces of teeth and mucosa

grow by hydrolying carbs from cell surfaces, saliva or food

lactic acid is produced by glycolysis

inclue many of bacteria involved in causing cavities

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Asaccharolytic bacteria

Back 79

ususally lie subgingivally beneath free gingival margins or in crypts and deep fold of oral mucosa

mostly grwo on amino acids derived from hydrolyzing proteins

products are ammonia,hydrogen sulfide, and short chain fa

include many bacteria w/perio disease

Front 80

bacteria major cell structures

Back 80

flagellum

pilus

nucleiod

ribosomes

plasma membrane

cell wall to protect against pH

capsule to allow bacteria to stick

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nucleiod in prokaryotes

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DNA is confined to this central region

not bounded by a membrane it is visibly distinct from rest of cell interior

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ribomses in prokaryotes

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give cytoplasm or bacteria granular appearance

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plasma membrane of bacteria cell

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lipid bilayer

numerious prtoteins moving wi or upon layer thatr are primarily responsible fro transport of ions, nutrients and wast across membrane

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Cell wall of prokaryote

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peptidoglycan (polysac + proteins) it maintains overall shape of bacterial cell, coccus, bacillus, and spirillius

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capsule of bacteria

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layer of polysac that protects bacterial cell and serves as barrier

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appendages of bacteria

Back 86

pilli

flagella

Front 87

pili of bacteria

Back 87

hollow hairlike structure of proteins that allow bacteria to attach to surface and each other so taht they form a biofilm

the bacteria on teeth invaribaly form a biofilm that enhances growth of bacteria

a specailized pilus, the sex pilus allows the transfer of genomic DNA from one bacteria cell to anothe. Pili are called fibriae

Front 88

flagella

Back 88

cause motility

long appendages that rotate by means of motor located just under cytoplasmic membrane

bacteria may have one or few or mnay flagells on cell