Dental Histology Exam 2 Urinary And Endocrine Systems

Front 1

kidney filter _____ blood min and make about _____ urine / min

Back 1

125 , 1

Front 2

renal sinus

Back 2

fat-filled extension of the hilus deep into the kidney, urinary passageways, blood
vessels

Front 3

body of the kidney structure

Back 3

1- capsule
2- cortex
3- medulla
4- lobe
5- lobule

Front 4

capsule of the body of the kidney

Back 4

very thin outer layer

Front 5

cortex of the body of the kidney

Back 5

divided into cortical rays & cortical labrinth – light & dark alternating array

Front 6

cortical labyrinth

Back 6

lighter pattern of cortex (contains renal corpuscles)- little spheres on either side of the laberanth there are tubules, urinalr tubules,

Front 7

cortical ( medullary) rays

Back 7

darker region of cortex – there are tubules in both the laberanth and rays

Front 8

cortical column

Back 8

(renal columns) – extensions of the cortex to the sinus between the renal pyramids – separates pieces of the medulla

Front 9

medulla of the body of the kidney has

Back 9

papilla – tip or apex of the medullary pyramid facing the minor calyx – contain papillary ducts
medullary pyramid – about 20 of these – its base is between the junction of the pyramid & the cortex- cortacal column in between the pyramids

Front 10

lobe of the body of the kidney has

Back 10

has in its center the medullary pyramid and the interlobar arteries & veins located on either side of the medullary pyramid (“inter”lobar artery – between lobe) based on the vasculature; contains some cortical tissue- each lobe has half a column on each side a whole pyramid and the cortex that sits above the pyramid , vessesl are the boundaries (interlobar artery or vein)!!

Front 11

interlobular artery runs

Back 11

in the middle of the column branches from the renal artery

Front 12

lobule of the body of the kidney

Back 12

smaller units of the lobe containing its own vascular base – above the medullary pyramid with its interlobular arteries on its outer boundaries – the middle of the lobule is the cortical ray – also has cortical labrinth on either side of the cortical ray – outerboundary is the interlobular artery contains : interlubular vessel of some kind as boudaries , in the middle is cortical ray and on the outside are the laberanth

Front 13

interlobular artery braches from the

Back 13

arcuate artery

Front 14

uriniferous tubules

Back 14

nephron + collecting tubule

Front 15

nephron is composed of

Back 15

- renal corpuscle ( in the labrinyth) in the cortex
-proximal tubule
-loop of henle
-distal tubule

Front 16

renal corpuscle

Back 16

(in labrinyth) in the cortex – spheres in the renal cortex with two poles – one us where the tubular system begins (urinary pole)(connected to proximal convoluted tubule) and the other is where the vessels come in & out (vascular pole) – renal corpuscle is the parietal & visceral layer of nephron

Front 17

parietal and visceral layers Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle

Back 17

simple squamous epithelium on the parietal layer, podocytes on the visceral layer of capillaries (podocyte is a separate cell*** podocyte and visceral layer are the same cell ** which sends out long arms which has fingers or extenisions that projects into the vessels , basal lamina shared with endothelail cells

Front 18

glomerulus of the renal corpuscle

Back 18

capillary bed that exits through the efferent arteriole & comes in through the afferent arteriole – endothelium lines these capillary bed – simple squamous epithelium has afferent and efferent

Front 19

capsular space (uriniferous space) of the renal corpuscle

Back 19

space between parietal & visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule (podocytes)

Front 20

urinary space of the renal corpuscle

Back 20

a.k.a. capsular space, a.k.a. Bowman’s space

Front 21

urinary pole of the renal corpuscle

Back 21

pole where the tubular system begins

Front 22

vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

Back 22

pole where afferent & efferent vessels come in

Front 23

afferent arteriole of the renal corpuscle

Back 23

comes in at the vascular pole – breaks up into the capillary bed called the glomerulus

Front 24

visceral layer of bowmans capsule has

Back 24

podocytes

Front 25

podocytes

Back 25

cells found on the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule – resting on basement membrane – these send out long, cytoplasmic extensions (arms) that touch the basement membrane w/ foot processes – these are involved in the filtration process….foot processes form a filtration barrier

Front 26

fitration barrier

Back 26

between lumen of the glomerular capillary and urinary space
1) 500,000 MW- largest particles will be prohibitted at glomerular endothelium
2) 200,000 MW( daltons) will not go through basal lamina stops anything above
3) 100,000MW – stops anythign above this weight , third filtration barrier is the slit membrane

Front 27

slit membranes

Back 27

membrane between individual foot processes (seperates basal lamina & the urinary space)

third barrier (smallest barrier)

Front 28

endothelium

Back 28

first barrier

Front 29

basal lamina

Back 29

second barrier

Front 30

proximal tubule

Back 30

proximal tubule = proximal convoluted tubule (twisted – found in labrinth) + straight portion of proxi¬mal tubule (found in the cortical ray & the medulla) – proximal tubule is the first tubule encountered coming off of renal corpuscle - simple cuboidal epithelium with numerous microvilli on apical surface…FUNCTION: reabsorb most of the protiens and glucose present in filtrate.these have substance in the lumen ( again you know u r in the laberanth based on the carpusel!!!!!!!)

Front 31

brush border

Back 31

discription of the microvilli surface ,which increase the usrface area for absorption

Front 32

loop of henle

Back 32

divided into three parts ,1)descending thick segment (end of proximal tubule), 2)thin segment (found in the medullla), 3)ascending thick segment (1st part of distal tubule) ( same as straight portion of distal tubule)

Front 33

thin segment of the loop of henle is lined by

Back 33

simple squamous epithelium – this is where urine is made hypertonic – there is much debris in the lumen of this tube – most glucose & protein absorption occurs here

Front 34

the thick part of the loop of henle starts in ____but thin part always in ____

Back 34

thick parts starts in the cortex but all of the thin portion is always in the medulla

Front 35

distal tubule

Back 35

returns to the cortex ,distal convoluted tubule, straight portion of distal tubule – through medulla, ray, & labrinth – lined by cuboidal eptithelium – apical region has a curvature (dome) but not dome cells (few to no microvilli present) to it instead of being flat – lumen of this tubule does not have a lot of debris (clear) – calcium & sodium absorbed here – controlled by hormones such as aldosterone – also functions for acidification both proximal and distal have simple cuboidal

Front 36

aldosterone

Back 36

steroid hormone that is involved in sodium absorption on distal tubule – if we don’t have this we will die

Front 37

calcium regulating hormones

Back 37

to secret or not more hormones to retain homeostasis – found also in the distal tubules

Front 38

juxtaglomerular apparatus

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(in cortical labrinyth) where the distal tubule comes very close to the renal corpuscle and nearly touches the afferent arteriole – means next to glomerular apparatus – this is important in detecting changes in sodium levels & blood pressure – helps with blood pressure medicine

Front 39

parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 39

i. macula densa – modified segment of the wall of the distal tubule (simple columnar)
ii. mesangial cells – light-staining cells of the JG apparatus, just lateral to the macula densa
iii. afferent arteriole- run to the side of the JGA
iv. effernet arteriole- runs on the other side of the JGA
v. juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) – (simple cuboidal cells) modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole cells that make renin

Front 40

renin

Back 40

enzyme / hormone found in juxtoglomerular apparatus that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Front 41

Bp and extracelllular fluid volume regulation

Back 41

fallen BP so renin released and acts on protein called angitensinogen and convert it to angitension 1 , which goes on in the blood, AG 1 circulates and once it gets o the lung converts it to AG2 , which is then read by the cortex of the adrenall gland and tells it to relase aldersteron , then acts on distal tubule an causes decreased NA and water excretion and increases extracellular fluid volume and will lead to an increase in BP

Front 42

collecting tubule

Back 42

arched collecting tubule, collecting tubule proper, papillary duct – epithelium starts as cuboidal and gradually gets bigger until it is a columnar epithelium – much water absorption occurs here with the hormone vasopressin – very well defined cuboidal cells in the cortex where you can see the lateral borders of the cells – pale staining cytoplasm – pale cells – collecting tubules in the medulla are more columnar and here they are called papillary ducts – where urine leaves the kidney & enters into the minor calyx to deposite urine, (these are not the domed shaped, has a distinct cube like structure in the cortex)……… in the papilla has pappillary ducts where collecting tubule connects

Front 43

vasopressin

Back 43

antidiurectic hormone – hormone in collecting tubule that helps prevent constant urination – prevents diuresis

Front 44

cortical circulation

Back 44

Renal artery - breaks into interlobar arteries in the cortical columns
interlobar a. - forms an arch called the arcuate artery
arcuate a. – at boundary of medulla and cortex (anastomose with other interlobar arteries)
interlobular a. – from arcuate artery
afferent arteriole – comes off of interlobular artery – breaks up into small capillaries that surround tubules – feeds cortical peritubular capillaries
glomerulus – capillary bed in renal corpuscle
efferent arteriole – also feed cortical peritubular capillaries
cortical peritubular capillaries – SURROUND ALL OF THE TUBULES IN THE CORTEX
interlobular vein
arcuate v.
interlobar v.
renal v.

Front 45

juxtamedullary circulation

Back 45

Renal artery
interlobar a.
arcuate a. – at boundary between the medulla & cortex
interlobular a.
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
vasa recta (arteriolae recta spuriae, medullary peritubular capillaries and venulae rectae) – tubules in the medulla – SURROUND ALL TUBULES IN THE MEDULLA
arcuate v.
interlobar v.
renal v.

Front 46

urinary passageway

Back 46

passages that leave kidney proper – from pelvis → hilus → ureter → urinary bladder

Front 47

look at chart

Back 47

for urinary passageway!!!!!!

Front 48

tunica muscularis of urinary passageway

Back 48

all smooth muscle ( inner longitudinal and outer circular )

Front 49

endocrine system and endocrine organs major concepts

Back 49

1. secretion into the blood
-endocrine glands secret hormones directly into cappilllaries or sinusoids to affect tissue at a remote site
-both endocrine and neuroendocrine tissue secrete hormaones into capillaries
2. feedback
3. different types of hormones
- steroids
- peptides
- proteins
- thyronines
4. many hormones bound to transporter molecules in plasma
5. hormaones act on receptors in target tissue

Front 50

ductless organs

Back 50

so they secrete their products into the blood vessels – so therefore they are highly vascularized – products released into either fenestrated vessels or capillaries & sinusoids

Front 51

hormones

Back 51

are fats, amino acids, proteins, glycoporteins etc… - they vary tremendously in what they do; many hormones are protein bound (steroids)

Front 52

membrane receptors

Back 52

for a hormone to react there must be a receptor on the membrane OR inside of the cell – three locations for receptors: membrane binding, cytoplasm binding, or nucleus; the cell a hormone acts upon is called the target cell

Front 53

hormones are regulated through

Back 53

feedback (usually a negative feedback system) EX: Pituitary produces LH → Leydig cell → target cell → makes a negative feedback to the pituitary so that LH is not overproduced

Front 54

glands of the endocrine system

Back 54

1. pituitary gland
2. pineal gland
3. islets of langerhans
4. thyroid gland
5. parathyroid glands
6. adrenal glands

Front 55

pituitary gland structural anatomy

Back 55

- has a stalk surrounded by a dura mater

1. Adenohypophysis – highly cellular component of the pit derived from oral ectoderm in the palate & migrating to location between ears - pars tuberalis, pars distalis (main region), pars intermedia- in anterior lobe
2. Neurohypophysis – comes from the brain – has neural tissue – glial cells & nerve fibers – from neural ectoderm - pars nervosa (main part), infundibular stem, median eminence- in posterior lobe
3. Pituitary Stalk - pars tuberalis, infundibular stem (hypothalamus connects the pituitary gland by the stalk)

Front 56

histology of pituitary gland

Back 56

- pars distalis
-pars intermedia
- pars nervosa

Front 57

pars distalis

Back 57

about 75% of pituitary gland, distal part of the anterior pituitary

- chromophobes
-folliculo-stellate cells

Front 58

chromophobes

Back 58

cell involved in holding acidophil & basophil cell clusters together – contributes to structural organization…analogous to a connective tissue cell

Front 59

cell types in the pars distalis

Back 59

found in clusters (round or long cords) w/ blood vessels in close association – fenestrated sinusoids located here – several million cells – don’t divide but do form tumors – enlarge during pregnancy

1-acidophils – pink staining cell in pituitary – most common cell –
2-basophils – blue/blue-grey – 2nd most common cell

Front 60

acidophiles

Back 60

-growth hormone (GH)
-prolactin ( luteotrophic hormone)

Front 61

growth hormone

Back 61

epiphyseal plate – promotes body growth in long bone on the epiphyseal plate which is filled with cartilage, so the target for GH is the epiphyseal plate in growing individuals – the chondrocytes contain receptors for GH until the plate ostifies & growth halts – to some extent it is also important in carbohydrate metabolism & muscle regulation

Front 62

growth hormone secreting acidophils

Back 62

somatotrophs- in grwoth hormones there are 191 amino acid protein with several isoforms

Front 63

stimulation of Gh secretion

Back 63

GHRH, Ghrelin, Sex hormones- testosterone( either form the testis or the femal adrenal), estrogen,"",, fasting, vigourous excersice, deep sleep

Front 64

prolactin

Back 64

–(luteotrophic hormone) a single chain protein hormone that is closely related to GH, regulated by the tuberoinfundibular neurons that secrete dopamine, which inhibit prolactin relase important in latter stages of pregnancy & milk production stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, probably responsible for the refractory period after sexual intercourse – this cell often proliferates in tumors – found in males often too as cancer

Front 65

basophils

Back 65

1- thyrotrophs – cell that makes and secrete TSH
2-gonadotrophs – make the following hormones that act on the ovary & testis secrete gnRH
3-corticolipotrophs - makes and secrete ACTH

Front 66

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 66

thyroid is the target cell of this hormone - glycoprotein

Front 67

LH and FSH

Back 67

luteinizing hormone (LH) - glycoprotein
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - glycoprotein

Front 68

ACTH

Back 68

adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) – drives the adrenal cortex – die w/o this

Front 69

Hypophyseal Portal System and Control of Secretion

Back 69

series of capillaries in the stalk – also found in the median eminence – only mammals have this – these connect to the fenestrated capillaries found in the distalis

Front 70

hypothalamic regulatory factors

Back 70

factors that cause hormones to be released – only act on the pars distalis – released from hypothalamus in separate nuclei than those mentioned above – travel down stalk to distalis

Front 71

median eminence

Back 71

hypophyseal portal system located here in addition to the stalk

Front 72

pars intermedia

Back 72

(5%) of pituitary gland
located between pars distalis & nervosa – “epithelial lined lakes” fluid filled structures – make MSH

Front 73

MSH

Back 73

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) – target cell is melanocytes – you can remove the pituitary & body still makes melanin – MSH is more important in lower animals, but some animals lack these all together

Front 74

pars nervosa

Back 74

(25%) of pituitary gland
part of the posterior lobe behind the intermedia – nervous tissue – does not look cellular because it is mainly nerve fibers with some nuclei of cells called pituicytes & a few blood vessels – looks like shredded wheat axons teminating in this region arise from supra-optic and papventirucla nuclei of hpythalamus

Front 75

pituicyte

Back 75

modified glial cell

Front 76

hypothalamohypophyseal tract –

Back 76

– collection of axons extending from the supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei that begin on hypotalamus & ends on the pars nervosa

Front 77

supraoptic nucleus

Back 77

nuclei axons extend from hypothalamus through the stalk & they end on the nervosa (tract – collection of nerve fibers, usually axons)

Front 78

paraventricular nucleus

Back 78

nuclei axons extend from hypothalamus through the stalk & they end on the nervosa

Front 79

oxytocin

Back 79

hormone made in the hypothalamus – travel down axons & are stored in the nervosa until their release – synthesized only in the hypothalamus – both hormones are synthesized in the above nuclei – females only - causes release of milk (prolactin makes the milk) also acts on the uterus to cause contraction – uterus is mainly muscle

Front 80

vasopressin

Back 80

(antidiuretic hormone) – same as above but this acts on the collecting tubule of the kidney (target) to cause water reabsorption

Front 81

clinical correlation of pituitary gland

Back 81

pituitary makes many hormones that affect the reproductive system – quite common

Front 82

Acromegaly

Back 82

pituitary hormone in adult that affects facial features especially an elongated mandible and large feet & hands by increased GH – due to increased connective tissue – called gigantism in the child

Front 83

pineal gland

Back 83

located at the back of the corpus callosum – connected to brain by stalk – surrounded by pia instead of dura - has cells called pinealocytes- secrete melatonin, older glands have brain sand

Front 84

brain sand

Back 84

( corpora areanacea) black blobs that increase with age – make a good radiological land mark

Front 85

pineal gland function to produce

Back 85

Melatonin – production of this modified amino acid that goes into almost any cell due to its small size – regulates lower animal reproduction times (so babies are born in spring time) – inhibits reproductive activity – in lower organisms winter reproduction is inhibited due to decrease in light
environmental light – activiates the pineal gland to tell it to release melatonin or not

Front 86

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

Back 86

exocrine glands – pancreatic gland that drains to duodenum – these islets are organs that are scattered throught the pancreas – has a thin reticular fiber capsule w/ fenestrated capillaries – two important cell types

Front 87

cell types of the pancreatic isletes

Back 87

1- alpha cells
2- beta cells

Front 88

alpha cells

Back 88

(about 20%) – pink cells distributed on the periphery – make glucagon

Front 89

glucagon

Back 89

increases blood sugar / blood glucose

Front 90

beta cells

Back 90

grey cells – make insulin located un center surrounded by alpha and dleta cells (delta cells secrete somatostatin)

Front 91

insulin

Back 91

hormone that decreases blood sugar

Front 92

diabetes mellitus

Back 92

seen in obese, American Indians, & Hispanics
diabetes incresses peridontal disease by 4x
dry mouth becaise decreases saliva flow

Front 93

thyroid gland

Back 93

regulator of metabolism

Front 94

general structural characteristics of thyroid gland

Back 94

located in the neck semi-encirclating the trachea – composed of lakes called thyroid follicles – fluid in the center is colloid – outside of the follicle is CT w/ vessels – not needed for life

Front 95

morphology of thyroid follicle

Back 95

thyroglobulin – component of colloid
colloid – fluid in thyroid follicles
thyroid follicular cells – cuboidal cells that make up the colloid – has basement membrane – removes iodine from cells

Front 96

parafollicular cells

Back 96

clusters of cells located outside of the thyroid follicle – these make and secrete calcitonin

Front 97

calcitonin

Back 97

hormone that drives down the blood calcium level, participates in calcium and phsphorus metabolism
- stimulated by an increase in serum calcium
- lowers blood calicum:
inhibiting uptake by inteestines
inhibits osteoclast activity in bone
inhibits renal tubule reabsoprption