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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is the hypothalamus?
What are the two parts of the anterior pituitary? How do the anterior and posterior pituitary compare? |
Collection of neurons that secrete peptide hormones
1. Neural 2. Endocrine Anterior is true endocrine gland Posterior is collection of neurons |
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2. What are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?
Two hormones.... |
1. Oxytocin
-uterine contraction and milk secretion 2. VP (or ADH) [vasopression or antidiuretic hormone] -resoprtion of water by kidney |
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3. What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
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1. GH (growth hormone)
2. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) 3. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) 4. β-LTH 5. β-Endorphin 6. α-MSH (melanocyte stimulating) 7. CLIP 8. PRL (prolactin) 9. FSH 10. LH |
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4. Which anterior pituitary hormones have a direct effect?
Which organs are under the pituitary control? (three) |
1. Prolactin
2. GH (both direct and indirect) -direct growth of bone, tissue -indirect on liver 1. Liver 2. Thyroid adrenal gland 3. Gonads |
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5. What regulates vasopression release?
What stimulates VP? (two things) What is the function of VP? |
Regulated by signals related to osmolality of the ECF
1. >2% increase in osmolality of ECF (increase salt) 2. > 10-15% decrease in blood volume (BP) **high salt and low blood pressure stimulate VP release Function to decrease osmolality of the ECF **absorb water and increase water in extra cellular fluid |
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6. What is the action of VP (ADH) on kidney collecting duct cells?
What role do aquaporin (AQP) channels have? What happens to the luminal membrane in the absence of VP? Why? |
VP acts on collecting duct cells to promote water resorption
Allow water to cross lipid bilayer **rapid water movement across basolateral surface Become impermeable to water VP regulates insertion of AQP2 channels into luminal membrane |
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7. What is the function of oxytocin?
What does it stimulate? (two things) What is a stimulus for the release of OT? |
Functions during labor and lactation
1. Stimulates uterine contractions during parturition 2. Stimulates milk ejection Suckling |
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8. What other hormone regulates lactation?
What does it stimulate? What is a stimulus for its release? How is this hormone unlike most other anterior pituitary hormones? What inhibits this hormone? |
Prolactin
Stimulates mammary gland to produce milk proteins Suckling PRL has direct biological effect on target glad **also there is no prolactin releasing hormone Dopamine |
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9. How are the anterior pituitary hormones a chain of chemical messengers?
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Affected by hormones of hypothalamus
Hypothalamus releases: 1. CRH -> ACTH and β-LPH 2. TRH (thyrotropin releasing) -> TSH (thyroid stimulating) 3. GnRH -> LH and FSH 4. GRH/GRIH -> GH |
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10. What are GRH and GRIH?
What is different about prolactin? |
Growth hormone releasing hormone
**Somatocrinin Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone **Somatostatin Only hormone that is under constant inhibition from hypothalamus |
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11. What is POMC?
What is it a pro-hormone for? |
Proopiomelanocortin
Family of anterior pituitary hormones ACTH **POM has other hormones within its sequence BUT ACTH is only hormone in humans that has a biological function |
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12. How is cortisol and ACTH related?
What does GH effect? (four things) |
Low cortisol = high ACTH
1. Liver 2. Growth plate (growth) 3. Adipose tissue (lipolysis) 4. Muscle |
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13. What effect does GH have on the liver?
(three things) What effect does GH have on muscle? (two things) |
1. IGF -1 (direct effect)
2. Increase gluconeogensis 3. Increase glycogen synthesis 1. Decrease glucose uptake 2. Increase protein synthesis |
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14. What does a deficiency in GH during childhood cause?
What does excess of GH during childhood cause? What does excess after puberty cause? How does GH affect metabolism? |
Dwarfism
Gigantism Acromegaly (abnormal growth of cartilage in hands, feet, face) Protects against starvation by increasing use of fat as energy source |
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15. What is IGF-1?
How can you stimulate GH release? (three ways) How can you inhibit GH release? (two ways) |
Insulin like growth factor
(acts on many tissues) 1. Low blood sugar 2. Increase in AA 3. Stress, exercise, certain stages of sleep 1. High blood sugar 2. Increase in FA |
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16. What is the effect of growth hormone on long bone before puberty?
(three zones) |
Have epihysis and diasitis of long bone with epiphyseal growth plate in middle
1. Proximal zone (proliferate) 2. Intermediate zone 3. Distal zone (calcify) |
