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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is cellular respiration?
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Overall process utilizing O2 for the generation of ATP from oxidation of fuels to CO2
End products of fuel oxidation are CO2 (breath out), ATP, and heat |
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2. What are some things energy is used for?
Four things.... |
1. Active transport
2. Mechanical work 3. Biosynthetic reaction 4. Thermogensis (maintaining body temp) |
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3. What is happens in direct oxidation of fuel?
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C-H bonds in fuel are directly oxidized to CO2 and H2O
Energy is released as heat |
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4. How does respiration differ from direct oxidation?
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Transforms much of energy into a form which can be used for generation of ATP
Energy is conserved by oxidation-reduction reactions |
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5. What is a coenzyme's reduction potential?
What is a cofactor? |
The energy in reduced NADH and FADH2
Organic molecule called a coenzyme |
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6. How are the reactions of fuel metabolism in the mitochondria?
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Compartmentalization
TCA cycle = matrix E- transport chain = inner membrane |
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7. What does NAD stand for?
What does a NAD+ molecule accept? What is it reducted to? |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Accepts 2 electrons (H:-) Reduced to NADH + H+ |
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8. What does NADPH act as?
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Reducing agent
Acts as an e- donor in biosynthetic reactions |
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9. From what vitamin is associated with NAD?
What are symptoms of a deficiency in this vitamin? What is the chief food source of this vitamin? |
Niacin
Pellagra 1. Dermatitis 2. Diarrhea 3. Dementia (even death) Whole grains and meat **Cells with high rate of oxidation-reduction rxns are affected more |
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10. Does NAD act as substrate or coenzyme in a reaction and why?
What happens to reactions w/o niacin? |
Acts more like a substrate
B/c it is released from enzyme during reaction Oxidation-reduction w/ NAD can be compromised |
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11. What are the 2 oxidative states of NAD?
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Oxidized form: NAD+
Reduced form: NADH |
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12. What is FAD?
How does it differ from NAD+? What is the vitamin associated with it? |
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Can accept or donate electrons either one or two at a time Riboflavin |
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13. What are symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?
What are the foods it is found it? Does FADHs act more like an enzyme or substrate and why? |
Cheilitis and magenta tongue
Milk, meat, fish, and eggs More like enzyme b/c FADHs is tightly bound to enzyme and does not dissociate |
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14. What is the only pathway with a net generation of ATP w/o using O2?
What cells is this important in and why? What is substrate phosphorylation? |
Anaerobic glycolysis
Mature RBC b/c they don't have mitochondria (only means of maintaining ATP level) Formation of high energy phosphate bond where none previously existed w/o the use of molecular O |
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15. In anaerobic glycolysis, what is the NADH produced used for?
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Produce lactate (which enters the blood)
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16. What is the bond like between the phosphates in ATP?
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High energy bond
"Strained" b/c phosphate groups carry a negative charge and repel each other Takes energy to make the phosphate groups stay together **As a result, products of ATP hydrolysis have a lower free energy than the reactants |
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18. Generally what types of things is ATP used for?
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1. Muscular Contraction (need a constant supply of ATP)
-mechanical work 2. Active Transport (Na+, K+ ATPase) 3. Biosynthetic work -anabolic pathways are thermodynamically unfavorable -overall delta G of pathway is sun of all individual steps (coupling) |
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19. What regulates all the pathways of fuel oxidation?
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ATP levels or compounds related to the concentration of ATP
In general, the more ATP utilized, the more fuel will be oxidized to generate ATP |
