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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do protons, neutrons, and electrons specify? Which are equal in number and why?
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Proton = atomic # and element.
neutron = isotope electron = reactivity. P&E are = for neutral charge. |
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What make isotopes different?
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Mass of elements atom determined by # of neutrons.
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Define electro static bond
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electons donated which gives rise to charged particles
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Define covalent bond
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electrons are shared forming molecules.
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define covalent polarized
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uneven sharing of electrons creates an electron rich and poor area.
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define autotroph
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organism that gets its carbon from co2.
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define heterotroph
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organism that gets its carbon from organic solids and liquids.
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define respirtation
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producing energy by oxidizing carbon compounds. H20 and CO2 are the products.
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define fermentation
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producing energy in the absence of oxygen
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How are cavities and calculus produced?
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By heterotroph and fermentation
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define saccarolytic fermentation
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Bacteria obtain energy in the absence of O2 by utilizing carbohydrates
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What is the substrate for saccarolytic fermentation
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A saccharide that is broken to a free hexose such as glucose or fructose
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What is the end product for saccarolytic fermentation
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Lactate
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Where is the Atp made and used during saccarolytic fermentation?
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Atp is used to make hexose phosphate and fructose bisphosphate. Atp is made converting glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 3 phosphoglycerate and pep to pyruvate.
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During saccarolytic fermentation why is there a net synthesis of atp and not NADH
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2 Atp are required but 4 are produced. Nadh produced by oxididation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is reoxidized to NAD by reducing pyruvate to lactate.
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Define assachrolytic fermentation
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Bacteria obtain energy in the absence of oxygen from proteins.
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Assachrolytic fermentation substrate:
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amino acid from the proteolysis of protein.
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Assachrolytic fermentation end products
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ammonia from amino group and short chain fatty acid from reducing carbon skeletons to make atp.
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What does plastoquinone do?
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electon carrier that takes up protons from outside the chloroplast membrane when reduced and passes them to interior when reoxidized
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Plastoquinone does what for dark reaction?
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provides protons that make atp as they diffuse out of the lumen to the cytosol.
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What does photosystem I provide for dark reaction?
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reduces electrons that are transferred from plastoquinone and transfers them to NADP
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What is the first product of dark reaction?
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3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose and co2.
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What is the first product from photosynthesis?
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Fructose 6 phosphate from fructose
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How do you get sucrose from glucose and fructose and where does it occur.
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UDP-glucose + fructose 6 phosphate= sucrose 6 phosphate which is hydrolyzed to sucrose and phosphate by sucrose hydroxylase in the leaf cell cytosol.
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Where does starch accumulate?
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chloroplast
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Which AA acount for secondary strucute in collagen?
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hydroxyproline and proline form secondary structure(collagen helix) by extended coiled chain
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Which AA acount for quaternary strucute in collagen?
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glycine helps triple helix formation. Serine and alanine have small side chains that form triple helix and tropocollagen arrays.
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What are the two functions of hydroxyproline in collagen?
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Contributes to helical tropocollagen polypeptides and stabilizes the extended chain at high temps.
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What happens with less hydroxyproline?
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Less rigid extended chain(cold water fish)
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How can many introns in collagen cause abnormal collagen?
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A base mutation can cause removal of an exon which causes an abnormality. (osteogenesis imperfecta)
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List 4 enzymes involved in post translational synthesis of collagen.
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1. 2 hydroxylases. 2. 2 procollagen peptidases. 3. isozyme of lysine hydroxylase. 4. LH3
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3 substrates of proline hydroxylase
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1. motif seq. containing proline on procollagen.
2. O2 3. a-ketoglutarate |
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3 products of proline hydroxylase
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1.OH-Pro residue on procollagen.
2. CO2 3. Succinate |
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2 cofactors of proline hydroxylase
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1. ferrous ions
2. ascorbate. |
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What is ascorbate used for?
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transport of electrons to reduce ferric ion in proline hydroxylase during post translational modification in rough ER.
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N&C terminal procollagen proteases recognize only which one fibrillar or non fibrillar. Why?
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Fibrillar. Proteases recognize AA sequences not present on non-fibrillar.
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define tropocollagen
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Monomeric precursor to collagen fibers.
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Define Alpha, beta, and gama tropo.
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Beta and gama are post translational mods of alpha. Beta - covalently bonded dimer. Gama - trimer.
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Which two AA's and enzyme lead to alpha, beta, and gama diff.? What is the cofactor of enzyme?
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lysine and hydroxylysin. lysyl oxidase. copper.
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Where are type II collagen fibers?
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cartilage only
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What is the origin of diff alpha chains?
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different genes
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Define integrins
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Integral membrane protein whos N terminal attaches to stromal proteins(collagen & laminin) and C terminal responds to changes in cytosol.
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Two functions in stromal collagen homeostasis?
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increase collagen synthesis when tissue damage occurs(outside-in) and decrease synthesis and divide in response to hormones(in-out).
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2 components of basal lamina.
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laminins make up lamina lucida and type IV collagen make up lamina densa.
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What attaches basal epidermal cells to a tooth surface at the base of a gingival sulcus?
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laminin-5
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4 components of a hemidesmosome and function
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1. 2 plakin proteins attach hemi to keratin & 2 proteins.
2. Integin attach hemi to laminin 5 3. collagen type XVII attach hemi to laminin 5 |
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What connects basal lamina to dermis
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Collagen type VII
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What 2 things of a triple helix differentiate non-fibrillar and fibrillar.
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flexible due to glycine and proline being absent. and absence of lateral fiber aggregation.
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What type of fiber is fibrillin
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elastic fiber
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What stabilizes it in relaxed and extended states?
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"beads on a string" stabilized by Ca ions and proteins. During tension it extends by releasing Ca and when tension is gone it contracts by binding Ca.
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What is the precursor of elastin?
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tropoelastin
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Upon secretion tropoelastin loses X, binds Y, then binds Z.
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X-chaperone
Y - microfibril glycoprotein z - fibrillin-2 |
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Where does chaperone and fibrillin bind?
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chaperone - hydrophobin part of enzyme. fibrillin - lysine rich domains.
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What is unusual about elastin
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more introns than any polypeptide and most stable protein.
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Define elastic fiber coacervation.
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newly secreted tropoelastin undergoes major realignment from outer to inner surface of fibrillin.
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How is coacervation controlled?
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domain 26
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What follows coacervation?
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crosslinking of lysine by lysyl oxidase.
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How does desmosine contribute to elasticity?
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elasticity is due to elastin which is covalently crosslinked at N&C terminals. Desmosine=cross linker that ties 4 identical elastin peptides together.
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What are the major tissues containing elastin?
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arterial walls and ligaments.
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What is the repeating dimer of hyaluronan, chondroitan sulfate, keratan sulfate and dermatan sulfate?
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hyaluronan - glucouranate and n-acetyl glucosamine. chondroitan - "" and n-acetyl galatosamine. Keratan - galactosamine and n-acetyl glucoseamine. dermantan - iduronate and n-a galactosamine.
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What has no attachment to a protein core?
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hyaluronan
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What type of bonding is between glycan residues?
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Beta
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What type of bonding is between glycogen and cellulose.
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Alpha, and beta respectively.
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Name two proteins that glycosaminoglycan is attached.
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decorin and aggrecan
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What are the two gag proteins bound to?
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type I&II collagen
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What are the major non covalent components of cartilage and epidermal basement membrane?
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cartilage - hyaluronan, aggrecan, link protein, type II collagen. Epi bm- laminin, perlecan, type IV collagen.
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define neutral collagenase
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matrilysin secreted by neutrophilic white blood cells to hydrolize intact collagen fibers at site of tissue damage.
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define neutral gelatinase
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does not cut all three polypeptides of collagen triple helix simultaneously
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define procollagen N peptidase
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contains thrombospondin type I, adamalysin, ehlers-danlos syndrome
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define procollagen c peptidse
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astacin that completes tropocollagen formation after secretion(similar to lysyl oxidase)
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What is the function of furin to procollagen peptidases?
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removes propeptide and activates them
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what replaces furin for matrilysins(neutral collagenase)?
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plasmin
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HOw are furin and plasmin activated?
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furin - self activated. plasmin - propeptide is removed from plasminogen by a plasminogen activates in the stroma.
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What type of enzyme are furin and plasmin
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serine protease
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Iron, zinc, copper, and calcium go with which of the following: fibrillin, astacin, lysine hydroxylase, lysyl oxidase?
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iron- lysine hydroxylase
zinc - astacin copper - lysyl oxidase calcium - fibrillin |
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Magnesium is required for what to attach to collagen?
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integrins
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What proteins are calcified in enamel and bones.
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enamel - amelogenin. bone - collagen type I
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Define nucleation
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required to precipitate a supersaturated solution of calcium phosphate.
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What cells of the undifferentiated tooth bud give rise to ameloblasts?
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inner enamel epithelium
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where do odontoblasts differentiate?
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dental papilla
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which differentiates first, odontoblasts or ameloblasts?
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odontoblasts
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When does amelogenin start to be secreted in the tooth bud?
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after some dentin has calicified below the inner enamel epi.
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which enzyme processes amelogenin so that is forms large nanospheres?
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enamelysin
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what class and subclass of enzyme is enamelysin?
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zincin matrilysin
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What is the function of the following in forming the enamel matrix: ameloblastin,enamel matrix serine protease 1, enamelin, collagenase, amelogenin?
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1. delineates inter rod region
2. degrades nanospheres 3. holds nanospheres together 4. no role 5. composed of nanospheres. |
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What causes amelogenin to form nanospheres and what holds it to hydroxyapatite?
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very hydrophobic, N&C terminals are hydropholic
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What does the tomes process do?
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an organ of the ameloblast that secretes proteins required to form enamel matrix.
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What replaces the tomes process? what does it do?
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ruffled membrane, secretes calcium phosphate and absorbs peptides as matrix is removed during mineralizatoin
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Are the following mutations primary or secondary? amelogenin, fibrillin, integrin, enamelysin
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1.primary
2.secondary 3.none 4.primary |
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Why do mutations of type I fibrillar collagen peptides only associate with secondary amelogenesis imperfecta?
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Dentin calcification is necessary to orient enamel crystals and that requires only type I collagen.
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What is the protein that transports calcium ions across an osteoblast from blood to osteoid?
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calbindin
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When matrix vesicles are extruded into the extracellular osteoid matrix what ions are transported inside?
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calcium and phosphate
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what ion spontaneously diffuses through the matrix vessicle membrane and gets transported OUT?
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Sodium
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How is the energy for outward transport of sodium acquired?
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Low free calcium and phosphate levels within vesicle causes them to move in spontaneously and sodium moves out.
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Where does the matrix vesicle go when sodium is transported out?
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from the osteoblast surface to the new bone surface.
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What small molecule prevents premature nucleation of osteoid matrix?
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pyrophosphate
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what protein in osteoblasts is important in adding pyrophosphate to the osteoid matrix?
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ANK (ankylosis) protein
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What enzyme on the matrix vesicle makes more of pyrophosphate?
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NTP pyrophosphate hydrolase
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What is the major substrate of NTP pyrophosphate hydrolase?
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extracellular atp
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What change in the matrix vesicle activates an enzyme that removes pyrophosphate
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calcified material ruptures the vesicle.
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What is the name of the enzyme that removes pyrophosphate
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alkaline phosphatase (TNAP)
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How does collagen nucleate calcium phosphate precipitation around itself?
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By the spontaneous covalent attachment of phosphate ions to serine residues on type I collagen.
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Which protein in bone prevents excessive calcification?
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osteocalcin
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What AA is modified in osteocalcin?
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glutamate.
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What cofactor binds to an adjacent domain to process modification of glutamate?
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vitamin K
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What dietary factor is needed to activate synthesis of glutamate?
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vitamin D
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What does SIBLING protein stand for?
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small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins
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What do SIBLING proteins do? Give 2 examples
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bind to odontoblasts or osteocytes and limit bone thickness. Bone sialoprotein, osteopontin
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What are the two zincins involved in osteoblast functioning?
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bone morphogenic protein(astacin) and alkaline phosphatase (matrilysin)
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What are the functions of Vitamins A, C, D, & K in formation of enamel, dentin and bone?
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A - differentiation of ameloblasts. C - Type I collagen. D - transfer Ca ions through osteoblast to osteoid matrix. K - formations of osteocalcin(control bone and dentin thickness).
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Name a key protein that is mutated for amelogenesis imperfecta(3)?
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amelogenin, enamelysin, ameloblastin.
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Name a key protein that is mutated for type II dentinogenesis imperfecta?
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DSPP
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Name a key protein that is mutated for osteogenesis imperfecta?
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type I collagen
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What causes type I diabetes?
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lack of insulin
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What does insulin resistant mean? Which type of diabetes suffers from this?
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Insulin responsive cells in the muscle and adipose tissue are resistant to insulin. They do not take up glucose in blood when insulin levels are adequate. Type II
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What is the value of measuring hemoglobin A1C values?
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It indicates whether blood glucose is being controlled adequately. If increased something must be changed(diet or insulin)
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Which diabetes carries the risk of developoing keto acidosis?
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Untreated type I. There is usually some response to insulin in adult diabetes which will avoid ketoacidosis
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What organ secretes TAG in increased levels in uncontrolled type I?
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Liver. No insulin=no lipoprotein lipase=high triacyl glycerols in VLDL.
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Why does extra attention to teeth cleaning help treat a type II diabetic?
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It reduces the amount of interleukin 6 in the body. IL6 increases insulin resistance.
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What type of test is done to confirm diabetes?
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If the fasting blood glucose level exceeds 140 mg/100ml on 2 occasions. Confirm w/ tolerance test: glucose levels not to exceed 160 mg/100ml 30 min after eating.
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