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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is atomic mass?
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sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an element's nucleus
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What is an isotope?
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elements whose atoms have a different number of neutrons
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What is tritium?
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a radioactive, rarely occurring third isotope of hydrogen; a proton with 2 neutrons; releases weak B-particle
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T of F: A B particle is fast moving that may be positively (positron) or negatively (electron) charged
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TRUE
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T of F: C-12 is the radioactive, unstable form of carbon
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FALSE C-12 is the predominant, stable carbon isotope. C-14 is the more powerful B-particle emitting isotope
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How are radioactive elements used?
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in biochem, medicine (target cancer cells), dating prehistoric bones and teeth
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Describe the element fluorine.
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has 9 protons but 10 neutrons, thus an atomic # of 9 and atomic weight of 19 daltons
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What elements of life are major ions?
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Na Mg K Ca Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Cl I
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What elements of life are major contributors with carbon?
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H N O P S
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What elements of life are in trace amounts?
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F V Cr Mo B Al Si As Se Br
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What determines the chemical properties of each element?
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electrons
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T of F: Cations form from an oxidized element and anions form from a reduced element
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True
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What is the major electrostatically-bonded solid in the body?
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Calcium Phosphate
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T of F: Amorphous solids are electrostatically-bonded solids that have a crystal cell
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FALSE; they have no crystal cell
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What is the general composition of teeth and bones?
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a complex mixture of calcium phosphate crystals around a protein matrix
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How are organic molecules formed?
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by electron sharing
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Why is water a liquid?
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because of hydrogen bonding (similar to what occurs in proteins)
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What are some examples of covalent polar bonds?
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C=O C-N C-S H2O
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What are some examples of covalent apolar bonds?
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(hydrophobic) C-C C-H
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What is polarity?
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the electron withdrawing property of a substituent; it imparts chemical reactivity to organic molecules
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What is fermentation?
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respiration without oxygen; mainly occurs in bacteria although it plays minor roles in our muscles
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What happens in photosynthesis?
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sunlight oxidizes water to molecular oxygen
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What happens in respiration?
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chemical reactions reduce molecular oxygen to water
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What are caries caused by?
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bacteria fermenting dietary sucrose to lactate and other acids
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What is associated with periodontal disease?
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bacteria in gingival pockets hydrolyzing host proteins and releasing free amino acids that are fermented to ammonia and short chain fatty acids
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Does bacteria have a urea cycle to remove ammonia?
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NO
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How does calcium precipitate in the blood?
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it precipitates in an alkali environment caused by NH2 grabbing hydrogens to become NH3+
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Generalize oral bacteria
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micro-aerophilic, require CO2, and are either saccharolytic or asaccharolytic
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Which type of bacteria is involved with causing cavities?
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saccharolytic; produces lactic acid (coronal surfaces of teeth and mucosa)
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Which type of bacteria is associated with periodontal disease?
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asaccharolytic; produces ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and short chain amino acids (subgingival)
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