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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are microorganisms? |
--single-celled or unicellular organism |
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Difference between gram negative and gram positive |
-Gram Positive - Some types of bacteria form a capsule that serves as a protective layer that covers the cell wall (stained by dye) Gram Negative - Classification of bacteria that do not hold a dye stain under a microscope (not stained by dye) |
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Difference between aerobic and anerobic bacteria |
Aerobes are a variety of bacteria that require oxygen to grow. Anaerobes are bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen and are destroyed by oxygen. |
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Who are carriers |
-A person or animal that shows no symptoms of disease but harbours the infectious agent of that disease and is capable of transmitting it to others |
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Define etiology |
-the study of the factors causing disease |
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How are the different diseases transmitted TB, measles, ANUG, Hep B |
Hep B - direct contact with blood or saliva |
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Difference sterilization and disinfection |
Disinfection - Process that reduce or lower the numbers of microorganisms on inanimate objects Sterilization - Process that kills all microorganisms |
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What are the different types of sterilization and what are they acceptable for |
(1) steam sterilization (2) chemical vapor sterilization (3) dry heat sterilization |
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Define spore, capsule, microorganism, pathogen |
Capsule -bacteria form a capsule that serves as a protective layer that covers the cell wall. Spore - Under unfavorable conditions, some bacteria change into a highly resistant form called spores. |
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Review the different types of disease transmissions ex-droplet transmission |
Direct contact: Touching or contact with the patient's blood or other body fluids • Indirect contact: Touching or contact with a contaminated surface or instrument • Droplet infection: An infection that occurs through mucosal surfaces of the eyes, nose, or mouth • Parenteral transmission: Needle stick injuries, human bites, cuts, abrasions, or any break in the skin |
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Review PPE's and when each type is worn |
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What is the purpose of the ultrasonic cleaner |
-used to loosen and remove debris from instruments |
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The autoclave and statim use which type of water |
-Distilled water |
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What is the setting for the autoclave for wrapped instruments |
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Review sterilization methods and steps involved in the sterilization process |
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What is glutaraldehyde and what is it used for |
a high-level disinfectant/sterilant -used as a liquid sterilant when the immersion time is greatly increased |
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difference between non critical/semi critical and critical instruments and why they are classified under these categories |
Critical Instruments - Item used to penetrate soft tissue or bone Semi-Critical Instruments - Item that comes in contact with oral tissues but does not penetrate soft tissue or bone Non-Critical Instruments - Item that comes in contact with intact skin only |
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define precleaning/presoaking |
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differentiate between general waste, hazardous waste, contaminated waste and chemical waste and what is involved in each category |
General waste consists of all nonhazardous, nonregulated waste and should be discarded in covered containers made of durable material such as plastic or metal. Hazardous waste poses a risk to humans and to the environment. Toxic chemicals and materials are hazardous waste. Infectious waste, also called regulated waste or biohazardous waste, is contaminated waste that is capable of transmitting an infectious disease. |
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review drugs and what the dentist would prescibe in different senerios for example if patient is in pain? Scenario based questions |
Pain and Inflammation - Analgesics - acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and aspirin and codeine Bacterial Infection - Antibiotic - Penicillin (Amoxicillin (Amoxil) and ampicillin), cephalosporin, erythromycin (E-Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and azithromycin (Zithromax), Chlorhexidine , demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline Heart Condition - Antibiotic Prophylaxis Fungal Infection - Antifungal - nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilsat, Nystex) Viral Infection - Antiviral Agent - acyclovir (Zovirax) Antiaxiety - benzodiazepines (diazepam) and barbiturates (pentobarbital, secobarbital) and Chloral hydrate (Noctec) Cardiovascular Disorders - Lipitor, Zocor, Mevacor, and Crestor. , CTZ, Thiazide, and Quinapril , Heparin or Coumadin, aspirin and Plavix , Levatol, Lopressor, Toprol, and Zebeta , Digoxin, Norvasc, nitroglycerin, Apresoline, and Loniten, Altace, Zestril, and Vasotec Respiratory - beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent, Vanceril) and albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and epinephrine (Bronkaid Mist) Gastrointestinal - cimetidine (Tagamet) and ranitidine (Zantac) , bismuth (Pepto-Bismol), kaolin (Kaopectate), and loperamide (Imodium A-D) , prednisone (Meticorten) and metronidazole (Flagyl) Neurologic - diazepam (Apo-Diazepam, Valium) and phenytoin (Dilantin), ambenonium (Mytelase), benztropine (Apo-Benztropine) and diphenhydramine (Benadryl) , dantrolene (Dantrium) |
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Review injection sites when the patient is having different restorations |
Maxillary Anesthetic - Local Infiltration, Field Block, Nerve Block Palatal Anesthesia - anterior or greater palatine nerve bock, nasopalatine nerve block Mandibular Anesthesia - Inferior alveolar nerve block, often referred to as mandibular nerve block, Buccal nerve block , incisive nerve block |
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Review safety when dealing with needles |
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Review steps of a crown prep |
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Review the parts of a bridge |
Unit - bridge is described by the number of units (teeth) involved Pointic - artificial tooth, or the part of the fixed bridge, that replaces the missing natural tooth Abutment - natural tooth that serves as the support for the replacement tooth or teeth in a fixed bridge |
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Review an endo procedure |
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Review cements and what type of coverage they are used for |
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Review irreversible and reversible hydrocolloids |
Hydrocolloid impression materials that cannot return to the sol state after they become a gel are termed irreversible hydrocolloids Hydrocolloid impression materials that change physical states from a sol to a gel and then back to a sol are called reversible hydrocolloids |
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What are elastometric impression materials and when are they used |
-used when an accurate impression is essential are self-curing and supplied as a base and a catalyst |
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What is a overdenture |
-Full denture supported by two or more remaining natural teeth |
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Review steps of a dental procedure |
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Review surgical implants endosteal and subperiosteal implants |
Endosteal implants, also known as osseointegrated implants - The implant is surgically placed into the jawbone Subperiosteal implant is a metal frame that is placed under the periosteum and on top of the bone |
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Review reline appointment |
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Review parts of a partial denture |
Framework - the cast metal skeleton that provides support for the remaining components of the prosthesis Connectors - join together the various parts of the partial denture Retainer - also known as a clasp, is the portion of the framework that directly supports and provides stability to the partial denture by partially encircling or resting on an abutment tooth Rest - a metal projection designed to control the seating of a prosthesis as it is positioned in the mouth Artificial Teeth - constructed from acrylic or porcelain |
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Review the different types types of ortho treatment preventive, interceptive etc |
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Review types of radiographs used in ortho |
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Review ortho instruments |
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Review instructions to give a patient who has received ortho treatment |
- patient should be urged to use good sense in selecting foods and to avoid eating anything that could loosen a band, pop off a bracket, or bend an arch wire. - Floss your teeth using a floss threader for easy application.• Brush your teeth after meals. |
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Define resorption and deposition |
Resorption -The body's processes of eliminating existing bone or hard tissue structure. Deposition - process of “laying down” or adding new bone |
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What is a Hawley appliance |
-most commonly used removable retainer. This is worn to passively retain the teeth in their new position after fixed appliances have been removed. |
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Review types of occlusion |
Class 1 - Occlusal, buccal, and ingual surface of posterior teeth and Lingual surface of anterior teeth Class 2 - Mesial and distal of posterior teeth Class 3 - Mesial and distal of anterior teeth Class 4 - Mesial, distal and Incisal edges of anterior teeth Class 5 - cervical third of facial/lingual surfaces of anterior/posterior teeth Class 6 - Incisal edges of anterior teeth and cusp tips of posterior teeth |
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Define overjet and overbite |
Overjet is excessive protrusion of the maxillary incisors Overbite is an increased vertical overlap of the maxillary incisors |
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Review the following and what they are bracket, ligature wire, separators, archwire, headgear |
Bracket - A small device bonded to teeth to hold the arch wire in place. Ligature Wire - used to hold the arch wire in its bracket. Seperators - A device made from wire or elastic and used to separate molars before fitting and placement of orthodontic bands. Archwire - A contoured metal wire that provides force when teeth are guided in movement for orthodontics. Headgear - An external orthodontic appliance that is used to control growth and tooth movement. |
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Review an ortho procedure |
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Differentiate between osteoblast and osteoclast |
Osteoblasts - Cells that form bone. Osteoclasts - that resorb bone. |
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Review the directions of tooth movement |
-Mesial, Distal, Buccal, Incisal, Occlusal, Lingual |
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What are power products in ortho |
Power products are accessory items made of elastic materials that help in tooth movement - Elastic Chain Ties, Elastics, Elastic Thread, Comfort tubing |
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What is a pulp tester and what types can be used |
-deliver a small electrical stimulus to the pulp |
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Review an endo procedure |
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Define pulpitis, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, apicoectomy |
Pulpitis - Inflammation of the dental pulp. Pulpotomy - Removal of the coronal portion of a vital pulp from a tooth. Pulpectomy - Complete removal of vital pulp from a tooth. Apicoectomy - Surgical removal of the apical portion of the tooth through a surgical opening made in the overlying bone and gingival tissues. |
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Review surgical instruments ronguer, periosteal elevator, curette, bone file, hemostat, root elevator, sutures |
Rongeur - Surgical instrument used to cut and trim the alveolar bone. Bone file - Surgical instrument used to smooth rough edges of bone structure. Hemostat - Surgical instrument used to hold or grasp items. |
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What are pre operative steps in surgery |
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Difference between eccisional biopsy, incisional biopsy, exfoliative cytology, benign cytology |
Excisional biopsy - Surgical procedure in which tissue is cut from a suspected oral lesion. Incisional biopsy - Section of suspect oral lesion that is removed for evaluation. Exfoliative biopsy - Diagnostic procedure in which cells are scraped from a suspected oral lesion for analysis. |
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Steps of a simple extraction |
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What are dental surgical forceps used for |
-Surgical instrument used to grasp and hold onto teeth for their removal. |
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What is done to control swelling after surgery |
•If recommended by the dentist, take ibuprofen before and after surgery to help prevent and control swelling, as well as to relieve pain. •During the first 24 hours, place a cold pack on a cycle of 20 minutes on and 20 minutes off. •After the first 24 hours, apply external heat to the area of the face to enhance circulation in the tissues and to promote healing. •After the first 24 hours, begin gently rinsing the oral cavity with warm saline solution (1 tsp salt to 8 oz warm water) every 2 hours to promote healing. |
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Difference between absorbable and non absorbable sutures and the different types |
Absorbable suture materials dissolve and become absorbed by the body's enzymes during the healing process. (1) plain catgut (2) chromic catgut (3) polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) Nonabsorbable suture materials include (1) silk (2) polyester fiber (3) nylon |
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Armamentarium for suture removal |
-Basic setup -Suture scissor -Sterile cotton gauze -Cotton-tip applicator -Antiseptic solution |
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Review perio procedures root planning, curtettage, scaling etc |
Scaling - Removal of calculus deposits from the teeth with the use of suitable instruments. Root planing - Procedure that smooths the surface of a root by removing abnormal toxic cementum or dentin that is rough, contaminated, or permeated with calculus. Gingival curettage involves scraping or cleaning the gingival lining of the pocket with a sharp curette to remove necrotic tissue from the pocket wall. |
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Review perio pack products |
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What is the bleeding index |
-Method of scoring the amount of bleeding present. |
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Review instruments in periodontal |
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Define chronological age of a child |
-Actual age (months, years) of pediatric patients. |
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Review pedo procedures ex stainless steel crowns |
1. The local anesthetic agent is administered. 2. The dental dam is placed. 3. The dentist will use a round bur in the low-speed handpiece to remove the dental caries and expose the pulp chamber. 4. Transfer a spoon excavator for the dentist to remove all pulp tissue inside the coronal chamber. 5. Transfer a sterile cotton pellet moistened with formocresol for the dentist to place in the pulp chamber for approximately 5 minutes to control hemorrhaging. 6. Once bleeding is controlled, the pulp chamber is filled with ZOE paste, to which a drop of formocresol has been added. 7. The ZOE base and the final restoration are placed. 8. Document the procedure. |
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Review a sealant procedure, and why sealants are completed on patients |
- Sealants protect the grooved and pitted surfaces of teeth, especially the chewing surfaces of back teeth, where most cavities in children are found. |
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Review procedure for a restorative procedure on a child and items to be used |
-Dental instruments, handpieces, and rotary instruments are scaled down in size for use with the pediatric patient. |
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Review medical emergencies ex avulsed tooth, syncope, hyperglycemia, angina, hyperventilation, hypoglycemia, stroke, asthma attack, angina pectoris, grand mal seizure, anaphylaxis, myocardial infarction |
Syncope, commonly referred to as fainting, is caused by an imbalance in the distribution of blood to the brain and to the larger vessels within the body. Angina feels severe chest pain because the heart muscle is deprived of adequate oxygen. Hyperventilation, which is precipitated (initiated) by stress and anxiety, is an increase in the frequency or depth (or both) of respiration. Asthma is a pulmonary disorder that is characterized by attacks of sudden onset, during which the patient's airway narrows, causing difficulty in breathing, coughing, and a wheezing sound. Grand mal seizure is characterized by a temporary loss of consciousness accompanied by uncontrollable muscular contractions and relaxation. Hyperglycemia results from an abnormal increase in the glucose (sugar) level in the blood. Hypoglycemia results from an abnormal decrease in the glucose level in the blood. |
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Review treatment to be given during different medical emergencies and which drugs treat different medical emergencies/conditions |
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What is the frankel scale |
-Scale designed to evaluate patient behavior. |
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Review vital signs normal ranges and sites to take vital signs on |
Temperature - 97.6° F to 99° F (36.4° C to 37.3° C) - thermometer can be placed under the tongue, in the ear, under the arm, or in the rectum. Pulse - When an artery is close to the surface of the skin, you can push against it with your fingers as it rests on a tendon or bone and feel the beating. - Radial Artery and Branchial Artery Respiration - The normal respiration rate for a relaxed adult is 10 to 20 breaths per minute. For children and teenagers, the rate ranges from 18 to 30 breaths. Blood Pressure - Systolic -Less than 120 and Diastolic -Less then 80 |
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Differentiate between a sign and symptom |
A symptom is what the patient is telling you about how they feel or what they are experiencing, such as, “I feel dizzy,” “I'm having trouble breathing,” or “My arm hurts.” A sign is what you observe in a patient, such as a change in skin color or an increase in respiratory rate. |
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Review the different facial muscles |
Temporal muscle, Masster muscle, Internal (medial) pterygoid muscle - Raises mandible and closes the jaw External (lateral) pterygoid muscle - Depresses mandible to open the jaw |
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Review the salivary glands |
-produce saliva, which lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity and aids in digestion of food through an enzymatic process. |
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Review the types of papillae |
Filiform papillae - Threadlike elevations that cover most of the tongue. Fungiform papillae - Knoblike projections on the tongue. Vallate papillae - The largest papillae on the tongue, arranged in the form of a V. |
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Review body planes/directions |
Midsagittal Plane - vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves Sagittal plane - vertical plane that divides the body from top to bottom into unequal right and left portions Horizontal Plane - divides the body into superior and inferior portions Frontal Plane - vertical line at right angles to the midsagittal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions |
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Review the tonsils |
-are masses of lymphatic tissue that are located in the upper portions of the nose and throat, where they form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue |
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Review phases of the opening of the mouth and movement associated with it |
Temporal muscle, Masster muscle, Internal (medial) pterygoid muscle - Raises mandible and closes the jaw External (lateral) pterygoid muscle - Depresses mandible to open the jaw |
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Review parts of the nasal cavity |
Two nasal bones articulate with the frontal bone and make up a small portion of the nasal septum Vomer is a single, flat bone that forms the base for the nasal septum |
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Review the bones and sutures of the head |
8 Bones - single frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones and the paired parietal and temporal bones -two parietal bones are joined at the sagittal suture at the midline of the skull -frontal bone and the parietal bone joined at the coronal suture -Occipital bone joined to parental bone at the lamboid suture |
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Review ex-foliation and eruption of teeth |
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What are sharpeys fibers |
-Tissues that anchor the periosteum to the bone. |
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What are succedaneous teeth |
-Permanent teeth that replace primary teeth. |
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Review the tooth numbering systems and tooth codes |
1. Universal Numbering System 2. FDI/ISO Numbering System 3. Palmer Notation System * See MDA |
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Review the number of roots for maxillary and mandibular teeth |
Primary and Permanent anterior teeth - 1 root Primary Maxillary Molars - 3 roots Primary Mandibular Molars - 2 roots Permanent Maxillary 1st Premolar - 2 roots Permanent Maxillary 2nd Premolar - 1 root Permanent Mandibular Premolars - 1 root Permanent Maxillary Molars - 3 roots Permanent Mandibular Molars - 2 roots |
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Review stages of development from embryology |
-Preimplantation Period -embryonic Period -fetal Period |
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Review the diseases in oral pathology |
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What are disclosing agents/tablets |
-allows a patient to actually see plaque on the teeth |
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Review cariogenic foods |
-Any food that contains sugars or other carbohydrates that can be metabolized by bacteria in plaque is described ascariogenic (producing or promoting dental decay). |
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Review diet councelling |
•Counseling patients about the prevention of tooth decay •Counseling patients regarding their diet after oral surgery or other dental procedures •Performing dietary analysis with patients •Counseling patients who have orthodontic appliances regarding food choices |
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Review difference between plaque, aquuired pellicle, material alba, calculus |
Plaque - Soft deposit on teeth that consists of bacteria and bacterial by-products. Acquired pellicle—Thin film of protein that quickly forms on teeth. Materia alba—Soft mixture of bacteria and salivary proteins, also known as “white material.” Calculus - Calcium and phosphate salts in saliva that become mineralized and adhere to tooth surfaces. |
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Review difference between systemic and topical fluoride |
Systemic fluoride - Fluoride that is ingested and then circulated throughout the body. Topical fluoride - Fluoride that is applied directly to the tooth. |
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Review remineralization and demineralization |
Remineralization - Replacement of minerals in the tooth. Demineralization - Loss of minerals from the tooth. |
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Review different types of tooth staining |
Extrinsic stains are those stains that appear on the exterior of the tooth and can be removed. Examples include staining from food, drink, and tobacco. Exogenous stains are those that originate outside the tooth and are caused by environmental agents. Intrinsic stains are those that are caused by an environmental source but cannot be removed because the stain has become incorporated into the structure of the tooth. |
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Review dental abrasives |
-are available in extra coarse, coarse, medium, fine, and extra fine. The coarser the agent, the greater is the abrasion to the surface. |
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Review restorative procedures and instruments used during amalgam/composite |
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Review burs and what they are used for |
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Review dentist positioning |
•Seated as far back as possible, with front edge of stool just touching the backs of the knees •Thighs parallel to floor, or knees slightly lower than hips •Feet kept flat on the floor and not crossed |
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Review the different hand grasp |
•Pen grasp, in which the instrument is held in the same manner as a pen •Palm grasp, in which the instrument is held securely within the palm of the hand •Palm-thumb grasp, in which the instrument is held in the palm, and the thumb is used to stabilize and guide the instrument |
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What is dental jurisprudence |
-the law as it is applied to the practice of dentistry |
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What is a code of conduct/code of ethics |
-Voluntary strands of behavior established by a profession |
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What is WHMIS |
Work Hazard |
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What is msds |
Material Safety Data Sheets |
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What are the different vitamins in preventive dentistry and nutrition and what do they do to our body if we lack them |
-anorexia nervosa and bulimia (the two most common), as well as other related disorders such as binge eating, compulsive overeating, female athlete triad, and chronic dieting syndrome. |
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What is coronal polishing |
-A technique used to remove plaque and stains from the coronal surfaces of the teeth. |
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What is a fulcrum |
-Finger rest used when an instrument or handpiece is held for a specified time. |
