Dent 1020 Test 2

Front 1

Embryology

Back 1

the study of prenatal development (from fertilization of an egg to birth)

Front 2

Meiosis

Back 2

process of reproductive cell production that ensures the correct # of chromosomes

Front 3

Mitosis

Back 3

individual cells divide resulting in 2 daughter cells that are identical to parent cells

Front 4

Blastocysts

Back 4

aggregate of mitotically produced cells

Front 5

Growth

Back 5

increase in size and weight, growth requires an increase in the number of cells, the size of cells and the products of the cells

Front 6

Development

Back 6

increase in complexity and organization towards ta final form

Front 7

Teratogens

Back 7

"monster producing"

Front 8

Primordium

Back 8

the earliest indication of a part of organ

Front 9

Zygote

Back 9

fertilized egg

Front 10

Preimplantation period

Back 10

takes place during the first week after conception

Front 11

implantation

Back 11

embedded in the prepare endometrium, the innermost lining of the uterus on the back wall

Front 12

ectopic pregnancy

Back 12

implantation occurs outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube

Front 13

Fertilization

Back 13

union of ovum and sperm to form zygote

Ovum and sperm individually contain 23 chromosomes-- haploid

Front 14

Meiosis

Back 14

occurs in the gonads resulting in a haploid # of chromosomes

Front 15

Mitosis

Back 15

Individual cells of the zygote go through cell division --of thier 46 chromosomes

Front 16

Blstocyst Formation

Back 16

5th day.

Trophoblas

Embyoblast

Front 17

Trophoblast:

Back 17

layer of peripheral cells (will become supportive tissues)

Front 18

Embryoblast

Back 18

inner mass of cells that develops into the embryo

Front 19

6-7th day

Back 19

implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrial lining

Front 20

Embyonic Period

Back 20

2nd week - end of 8th week

Front 21

proliferation

Back 21

follows induction control levels of cellular growth present during most of prenatal develplement

Front 22

interstitial growth

Back 22

occurs from deep within tissue type or organ.

Front 23

appositional growth

Back 23

tissue enlarges by the addition of layers on the outside of a structure

Front 24

differentation

Back 24

a change occurs in the embryonic cell, which are identical genetically but later become quite distinct structurally and functionally. (cells that perform specialized functions are formed by differentation during embryonic period

Front 25

Second Week

Back 25

Embryonic stage

the implanted blastocyst grows by increased proliferation of the embryonic cells, with differentation also occuring reulting in changes in cell morphology. creating embryonic cell layer

Front 26

Third Week

Back 26

Primitive streak fomrs within the bilaminar disc. this causes the disc to have bilateral symmetry (half the embryo mirrors the other half).

-Mesoderm

-Ectoderm

-Endoderm developes

Nural tube, grooves, head and "tail" form

Front 27

Fourth Week

Back 27

The disc undergoes embryonic folding

foregut, midgut, hindgut form. Primitive face starts to develop

Front 28

Primitive streaks

Back 28

the bilaminar disk is divided by this streak formed by the proiferation of cells at the midline

Front 29

Mesemchymal cells

Back 29

embryoic connective tissue forms CT forming cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, etc.

Front 30

Epiblast

Back 30

ectoderm (epidermis, nervous system)

Front 31

Mesenchyme

Back 31

Mesoderm (CT, muscles, vessels, etc)

Front 32

Hypoblast

Back 32

endoderm (epithelial lining of the GI and respiratory system

Front 33

Formation of the Cephalic

Back 33

Head--

at teh cephalic end there is an oropharyngeal membrane that only contains endo and ectoderm. this will be the future mouth and GI tract

Front 34

Formation of the Caudal end

Back 34

at the caudal end ther is a cloacal membrane. this membrane lacks mesoderm as well (like the cephalic end)

Front 35

Neuroectoderm cells differentiate from:

Back 35

ectoderm

Front 36

neuroectoderm cells make up the:

Back 36

Neural plate

Front 37

Neural plate begins to navigate and form the

Back 37

Neural groove

Front 38

Neural Fold

Back 38

further invagination of the nueral plate produces these at crest of neural plate

Front 39

neural crest cells

Back 39

formed from the neuroectoderm these cells break off from the neural folds and are disperesed in the mesenchyme

Front 40

Neural crest cells form:

Back 40

parts of the face and neck structures and oral tissues. --many embryologists consider this the 4th embryonic layer

Front 41

Neural Tube forms:

Back 41

neural folds fuse, to make the future spinal cord

Front 42

Embryonic folding

Back 42

results in a tubular embryo, now the endoderm lies inside the ectoderm

Front 43

Foregut

Back 43

Anterior part of the tube, which forms the primitive pharynx

Front 44

Midgut and Hindgut

Back 44

Posterior parts of the tube form the rest of the mature pharynx and remainder of the digestive tract

Front 45

Palatal Development occurs in the:

Back 45

occurs in the 5 week

Front 46

The intermaxiallary segment/premaxillary segment forms:

Back 46

Fusion of the two medial nasal processes.

this segment gives rise to the primary palate.

Front 47

what forms the anterior 1/3 of the hard palate?

Back 47

anterior to the incisile foramen

maxillary incisors

Front 48

When does Secondary palate formation take place?

Back 48

6th week

Front 49

the maxillary processes give rise to 2 palatal shelves "lateral palatine processes"

Back 49

-they grow inferior and deep in a vertical direction

-processes "flip" and move horizontal and grow medially towards each other.

-Forms post 2/3 of hard palate, soft palate, and uvula

Front 50

When does the completion of palate formation occur?

Back 50

12th week

Front 51

what happens during the 12th week?

Back 51

-Fusion of all 3 processes

-Seperation of oral and nasal cavities is complete

-mesenchyme from the 1st and 2nd branhial arches migrates to te soft palate and forms te palatal muscles

-cleft palate may occur.

Front 52

When does tongue development happen?

Back 52

4-8 weeks

Front 53

how is the tongue formed?

Back 53

-formed from the 1st branchial arch

-tuberculum impar: triangular median swelling, located on the floor of the promitive pharynx

-lateral lingual swellings develop just lateral to the tuberculum impar

Front 54

Anterior portion of the endodermal tube forms the...

Back 54

primitive pharynx

Front 55

the caudal portion forms the...

Back 55

esophagus

Front 56

what forms below the oropharynx and to the ventral surface, what forms.?

Back 56

laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, the superior portion of the lungs, and the thyroid gland form.

Front 57

1st branchial pouches form the...

Back 57

Auditory tubes

Front 58

2nd branchial pouches form the...

Back 58

palatine tonsils

Front 59

3rd and 4th branchial pouches form the...

Back 59

thymus and parathyroid glands

Front 60

5 major processes of the face....

Back 60

1. Stomodeum /oral cavity

2.Mandibular processes

3. Maillary processes

4. Frontonasal/upper face

5. Development of the neck

Front 61

Types of Fusion

Back 61

1. Facial Fusion -same surface

2. Palatal Fusion -different surfaces fuse

Front 62

when does the formation of the stomodeum form?

Back 62

3rd week

Front 63

the ectoderm invagginates at the ventral side fo the embryo until it comes into contact with...

Back 63

the foregut

Front 64

the union of the ectoderm and the endoderm form the...

Back 64

buccopharyngeal/oropharyngeal membrane (temporary membrane)

Front 65

Process of formation of the stomodeum:

Back 65

1. The ectoderm invaginates at the ventral side of the embryo until it comes into contact with the foregut

2. The union of the ectoderm and endoderm form the buccopharyngeal/oropharyngeal membrane

3. At the 4th week the membrane ruptures allowing direct contact, making an open GI track.

4. At the rear of the stomodeum Raphe's pouch will extend into the cephalic area and separate from the stomodeum, forming the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 66

mandibular arch and lower face formation occurs at what week?

Back 66

4th

Front 67

which branchial arch is the mandibular arch considered?

Back 67

1st

Front 68

the madibular arch gives rise to:

Back 68

1. Lower face (lower lip)

2. Mandible

3. Ligaments of the jaw and middle ear

4. Muscles of mastication

5. tongue

6. maxillary processes

Front 69

Meckel's cartilage:

Back 69

cartilage formed within each side of the mandibular arch.

-part goes to middle ear bones,

- part becomes ligaments of the jaw and middle ear.

Front 70

when does the mesoderm of mandibular arch forms future muscles of mastication?

Back 70

week 5-10

Front 71

the maxillary process and midface are formed from...

Back 71

swelling from the mandibular arch

Front 72

where does the maxillary process grow in relation to the stomodeum?

Back 72

superiourly and anteriorly on each side of the stomodeum.

Front 73

The maxillary process gives rise to the midface which include...

Back 73

Sides of the upper lip, cheeks, secondary palate, posterior portion of the maxilla, maxillary canines and posterior teeth, zygomatic bones and portions of the temporal bones.

Front 74

what forms labial commissures?

Back 74

maxillary process partially fuses with the mandibular arch to form the labial commissures

Front 75

Macrostomia

Back 75

cleft at the commissures, (incomplete fusion) makes mouth huge

Front 76

What week does the formation of the frontonasal process and upper face begin?

Back 76

4th week

Front 77

a bulge of tissue at the most cephalic end will give rise to...

Back 77

Upper face

-forehead, bridge of nose, primary palate, nasal septum.

Philtrum

-anterior part of hard plate

-medial nasal processes

Front 78

Placode:

Back 78

rounded areas of ectoderm tissue, location of special sense organs.

Front 79

Lens placodes:

Back 79

on each side of the frontonasal process, later they will migrate medially and form the future eyes and related tissues.

Front 80

Otic placodes

Back 80

even more lateral and posterior, pits that will form the future internal ear.

Front 81

Nasal placodes:

Back 81

form just superior to the stomodeum, later develop into olfactory cells

Front 82

oronasal membrane

Back 82

separates the nasal sac from the stomodeum, once this disintegrates the oral and nasal membranes are in communication

Front 83

medial nasal processes

Back 83

crescent shaped swelling around the placodes, this will fuse and form the middle portion of the nose, the philtrum and tubercle

-internally these processes fuse to form the intermaxillary segment

Front 84

Intermaxillary segment/ premaxilla

Back 84

forms from the medial nasal processes

--Maxillary incisors & associated tissues, primary palate, and nasal septum

Front 85

Lateral nasal process

Back 85

later form the alae.

--fusion of the lateral nasal processes, medial nasal processes, and maxillary process form the nares

Front 86

Explain upper lip formation

Back 86

Formed by the joining of the maxillary process and the 2 medial nasal processes

-starts in 4th week and is completed during the 6th week

Front 87

Explain Lacrimal tissue formation

Back 87

-Nasolacrimal groove extends from the medial corner of the eye to the nasal cavity

-Nasolacrimal cord: ectodermal thickening in the floor of the nasolacrimal groove. this forms the lacrimal sac of the eye and becomes the nasolacrimal duct.

Front 88

cleft lip is more common in...

Back 88

Boys

Front 89

cleft palate is more common in...

Back 89

girls

Front 90

what forms the primitive pharynx?

Back 90

Anterior portion of the enodermal tube (foregut) forms the primitive pharynx

Front 91

what forms the esophagus?

Back 91

Caudal (posterior) portion

Front 92

Where does the Larynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, superior portions of the lungs and thyroid gland form?

Back 92

below the oropharynx and to the ventral surface

Front 93

1st Branchial arch:

Back 93

Mandibular arch, forms the lower and middle portions of the face.

Front 94

2nd Branchial arch:

Back 94

-Hyoid arch

-Reichert's cartilage (forms middle ear bone, temporal and part of hyoid bone)

-innervated by the 7th cranial nerve (facial)

-muscles of facvial expression are derived from the mesoderm of this arch

-involved with tongue formation

Front 95

3rd Branchial arch:

Back 95

-Forms portions of hyoid bone

-pharyngeal muscles are formed from the mesoderm

-innervated by the 9th cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal)

-helps with formation of tongue

Front 96

4th and 6th Branchial arch:

Back 96

-Forms Laryngeal cartilage

-mesoderm forms the muscles of the laynx and pharynx

-innervated by 9th and 10th nerves (vagus)

-helps in formation of tongue

Front 97

Branchial grooves located:

Back 97

between the developing branchial arches

Front 98

1 branchial groove forms:

Back 98

the external auditory meatus

Front 99

What happens to all the inferior Branchial grooves?

Back 99

the obliteration of all the other grooves gives the neck a smooth contour

Front 100

Pharyngeal (branchial) pouches

Back 100

develop between the branchial arches (internally)

Front 101

1st pharygeal pouch forms the:

Back 101

auditory tubes

Front 102

2nd pharyngeal pouch forms:

Back 102

palatine tonsils

Front 103

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch form:

Back 103

thymus and parathyroid glands

Front 104

what cartilage is developed in the first brancial arch?

Second branchial arch?

Back 104

first: Meckel's cartilage

second: Reichert's cartilage