Dennis - Metabolism

Front 1

What are the 2 possible fates for lactate after exercise?

Back 1

- Conversion to glucose via the Cori cycle

- Metabolism to pyruvate

Front 2

How is glucose taken up by the liver?

Back 2

GLUT2, Reversible, Low affinity, High capacity. Uptake is reflective of plasma glucose conc.

Front 3

How is glucose taken up by the brain?

Back 3

GLUT3, High affinity, Low cpacity, Ensures constant uptake even at low plasma glucose conc.

Front 4

How is glucose taken up by the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue?

Back 4

GLUT4, Insulin-dependent, Expression is enhanced by insulin. Stores glucose when it is plentiful

Front 5

Outline the differences between phosphorylation fo glucose in live and skeletal muscle

Back 5

Phosphorylation is reversible in liver and not in muscle - glucose in muscel is trapped for use and not export, Hexokinase D in the liver is not inhibited by its product - the muscle hexokinase is and so phosphorylation does not occur if glycolysis is not

Front 6

Rank in decreasing order of energy storage per unit mass: carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Back 6

Fats > Carbs. > Proteins

Front 7

Which hormones are responsible for increasing and decreasing the utilisation of fats as an energy source?

Back 7

Increasing - Adrenaline and corticosteroids, Decreasing - insulin

Front 8

Name a hormone that promotes the breakdown of protein for use as fuel

Back 8

Cortisol

Front 9

Name a hormone that inhibits the breakdown of protein for use as fuel

Back 9

Insulin

Front 10

List 3 symptoms of hypoglycaemia

Back 10

Hunger, Sweating, Palpatation, Drowsiness, Fainting

Front 11

Name the transporter for glucose absorption in teh intestine and the signal that controls it

Back 11

SGLT1 is driven by glucose concentration

Front 12

Name 2 tissues that clear fats from the blood immediately after their absorption from teh intestine

Back 12

Skeletal muscle, Adipose tissue - NOT liver

Front 13

What is the role of chylomicrons in the transport of lipids?

Back 13

Transport of cholesterol and triglycerides from the intestine to the tissues

Front 14

What is the role of VLDL in the transport of lipids?

Back 14

Transport of mainly triglycerides, and some cholesterol, from teh liver to the tissues

Front 15

What is the role of HDL in the transport of lipids?

Back 15

Cholesterol scavenger and transport of cholesterol from tissues to liver

Front 16

List 3 effects of corticosteroids on metabolism

Back 16

Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Inhibition of glycogen synthesis

Front 17

Give 3 signs or symptoms fo excesss steroid production

Back 17

muscle weakness/wasting, centripetal fat deposition, Fluid retention

Front 18

Name 3 hormones that act as physiological antagonists to insulin

Back 18

Cortisol, Adrenaline, Glucagon

Front 19

Name one other function fo insulin other than regulation fo glucose entry into cells

Back 19

Liver growth, Regulator of fat synthesis and breakdown

Front 20

Name 3 hormones that would be involved in the physiological response to hypoglycaemia

Back 20

Glucagon, Adrenaline, Glucocorticoids

Front 21

Name 2 tissues that are normally dependent on glucose as a metabolic fuel

Back 21

Brain, Red Blood cells

Front 22

Name two organs from which glucose is normally produces from other fuels and exported to the blood

Back 22

Liver, Kidney

Front 23

Name 3 possible subtrates for gluconeogenesis in normal human metabolism and name the internediates in the synthesis of glucose

Back 23

Lactate - lactate, pyruvate, glucoseAlanine - alanine, pyruvate, glucoseAmino acids - oxaloacetate, pyruvate, glucose

Front 24

What is the principal fate of lactate that is produced in skeleteal muscle during exercise?

Back 24

Converted into glucose in the liver

Front 25

Name 2 metabolic processes that take place in the mitochondria

Back 25

Fatty acid oxidation, Conversion of pyruvate to oxalacetate

Front 26

During fasting, name the glucogenic amino acid ithat s released from skeletal muscel?

Back 26

Alanine

Front 27

After 5s of continuous activity, the principal energy source for a skeletal muscle cell is?

Back 27

Creatine phosphate

Front 28

After an episode of DKA, what 4 things would you infuse over i.v. drip?

Back 28

Saline, Insulin, Glucose, Potassium

Front 29

What hormone is responsible for the rapid and early release of insulin from the pancreas after a oral glucose load?

Back 29

GLP-1

Front 30

Name 3 checkpoints of enzymatic regulation of glycolysis

Back 30

Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase