Dendrology ~ Vandermast ~Test 1

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Dendrology

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Thescientific study of woody plants (trees, shrubs, lianas); a sub-discipline of botany and plant taxonomy

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Arboreal

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At some point in our past, human ancestors were almost completely ___.

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Bipedal

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Human ancestors became ___ around 4.5 to 5 million years ago as forested areas became more Savannah-like.

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Sacred

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Trees have been worshiped as ___ in many religions.

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Islam & Christianity

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___ & ___ considered worshiping trees as the worship of false idols.

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Yggdrasil

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An ash tree in Norselegend from which the water of the knowledge flows

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Egyptians

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A sycamore stood at the threshold of life and death for the ancient ___.

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Chinese

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In ___ mythology a tree produces a peach every 3000 years – whoever eats it becomes immortal.

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Oldest, Massive

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Trees are the ___ and most ___ living things on Earth.

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Methuselah

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Oldest living unitary tree

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Pando

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Oldest living clonal tree grove

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General Sherman

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Most massive unitary tree, a giant sequoia

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Joyce Kilmer

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A poet and editor, he wrote the poem "the Trees"

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Ogden Nash

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He wrote a parody of "The Trees"

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The Lorax

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He speaks for the trees and protects them from the Once-ler

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Ecosystem services

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Anything that nature does that directly benefits humans, these are estimated to be worth more than all the money that exists at this time

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Habit

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The characteristic shape and size of a particular tree

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Open grown trees

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These trees have a larger crown, shorter trunk, and more of a taper on their stem; this is because they grow where there is less competition

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Forest grown trees

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These trees have a smaller crown, longer trunk, and less of a taper on their stem; this is because they grow where there is more competition

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Decurrent

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This tree shape has a more lollipop shaped crown

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Excurrent

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This tree shape has a columnar shaped crown

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DBH (Diameter at Breast Height)

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This measure is usually taken at 4.5 feet (1.4 meters) above the ground and is used to calculate other important measures like basal area

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Marcescent

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Trees that are this do not drop their leaves by forming an abscission layer; they only drop them when it is windy or raining; also known as tardily deciduous

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Simple & Compound

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These are the two leaf types

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Sessile

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Describes leaves or leaflets that attach directly to the stem/ rachis

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Rachis

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Leaflets of compound leaves attach to this

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Petiolate

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Describes leaves that have a petiole (simple) or petiolule (compound)

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Opposite, Alternate, or Whorled

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These are the leaf arrangements

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Decussate

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When on opposite leaf arrangements the leaves occur at right angles from one another

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Distichous

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When on opposite or alternate leaf arrangements the leaves occur across from one another on one plane

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Spiral

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Often times on alternate leaf arrangements the leaves will form a ___ as they grow along a branch

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Venation

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The arrangement of veins on a leaf

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Pinnate venation

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Describes when a leaf has a single midrib with lateral veins branching off at intervals

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Palmate venation

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Describes a leaf with three or more primary veins arising from the junction of the base ofthe leaf and the petiole

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Parallel venation

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Describes a leaf with many equal sized veins that parallel one another until they join near the apex

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Dichotomous venation

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Describes a leaf with repeated forking or y-branching veins

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Ovate

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Describes a leaf that is egg shaped

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Obovate

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Describes a leaf that is reverse egg shaped, widest at the apex

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Oblique

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Describes a leaf base that is inequilateral, doesn't start evenly on both sides; typical of elm trees

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Acicular, Linear, Subulate, & Scale

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These are the types of conifer leaves

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Acicular leaves

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These conifer leaves often come in bundles of 2, 3 or 5 called fascicles and held together at the base bya fascicle sheath of overlapping bud scales

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Linear leaves

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These conifer leaves can be sessile on the twig, can be sessile on a peg (sterigma), can be petiolate, can be petiolate on a peg

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Scale leaves

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These leaves can be lateral (cover the sides of the twig) or facial (cover the top and bottom of the leaf)

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Rugose

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Describes a leaf with sunken veins

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Glaucous

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Describes a leaf with wax on top of the cuticle

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Trichomes

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Leaf hairs

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Glabrous

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Describes a leaf that is smooth

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Pubescent

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Describes a leaf (or rachis/ petiole) with soft, fine hairs

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Tomentose

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Describes a leaf (or rachis/ petiole) with matted, woolly hairs

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Scabrous

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Describes a leaf that has rough, sandpapery, bristly hairs

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Coriaceous

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Describes leaves that are thick and leathery (ex: Magnolia grandiflora)

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Membranous

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Describes leaves that are thin and papery

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Buds

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These features of twigs can be terminal/ apical (at the end of the twig) or lateral (along the twig)

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Epicormic buds

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These are found on roots and stems that can give rise to adventitious branch-lets, shoots, or root

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Bud scales

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These are modified leaves or stipules that protect the bud

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Imbricate

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Overlapping bud scales

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Valvate

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Non-overlapping bud scales

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Leaf scars

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These are present where a petiole was once attached to a twig, vascular bundle scars are often apparent on these

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Lenticels

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Small lens shaped, sometimes wart-like tissue that provide aeration for the growing cells of the twig

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Thorns

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Modified stems

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Spines

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Modified leaves; these can be foliar or stipular

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Prickles

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These arise from the epidermis

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Reproductive morphology

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Because they are under such strong selective pressure, these are most stable (have least variation)

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Pollen

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The male reproductive structures that carry sperm

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Ovules

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The female reproductive structures that carry eggs

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Perfect flowers

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These flowers have both male and female reproductive parts

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Imperfect flowers

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These flowers have only one sex

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Monoecious

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Plants with flowers of both sexes (whether perfect or imperfect flowers)

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Dioecious

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Plants with flowers of only one sex

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Gymnosperms

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These trees produce cones and are wind pollinated; means "naked seed"

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Angiosperms

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These trees produce flowers and have more varied ways of pollination; means "vessel seed"

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Methods of seed dispersal

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Gravity, water, wind, ballistic, & animal