Dendrology ~ Vandermast ~ Angiosperms Part 2

Front 1

Fagaceae

Back 1

the Beech family, this family is the most important in North America in terms of hardwood lumber production

Front 2

The five genera of Fagaceae

Back 2

Fagus, castanea, chrysolepis, lithocarpus, quercus

Front 3

American beech (Social importance)

Back 3

This tree's fruit is an edible nut that is important for wildlife food; it's wood is used for flooring and furniture; creosote from it's wood was historically used to treat diarrhea

Front 4

American beech (Physical properties)

Back 4

This tree is slow growing and shade tolerant, an important component of northern hardwood forests, found from sea level to around 6000 ft in elevation

Front 5

Beech bark disease

Back 5

This is an introduced insect and fungus complex where the insect sucks sap first and then the fungus comes in and eventually girdles the tree

Front 6

American Chestnut/ Castanea dentata

(Physical properties)

Back 6

This is the largest tree in it's genus for North America, it grew largest on mesic slopes of the Southern Appalachians; it has durable wood, is fast growing, and has edible fruit

Front 7

American Chestnut/ Castanea dentata

(Social importance)

Back 7

This tree is probably the most important eastern hardwood, people made their livelihoods off this tree with it's high tannin concentration (tanning industry) durable wood, and edible nut

Front 8

Chestnut blight

Back 8

This is a disease caused by an Asian fungus that has airborne, sticky spores; by the mid 1940's all trees were infected; however, the fungus does not kill the roots of the tree

Front 9

Chinkapin/ Castanea pumila

(Physical properties)

Back 9

This tree is a small tree that grows on dry sites, it is an important wildlife food producer, it is less susceptible to Chestnut blight than American chestnut

Front 10

Genus: Quercus (Oaks)

Back 10

Primarily temperate trees, most important genus of hardwoods bothecologically and economically in North America, they hybridize extensively

Front 11

The two Oak types

Back 11

Cyclobalanus (cycle cup oaks) and Quercus (scale cup oaks)

Front 12

The two subsections of Quercus we see in class

Back 12

Leucobalanus (white oaks) and Erythrobalanus (red oaks)

Front 13

Tyloses

Back 13

Balloon-like outgrowths of xylem cells that close them and help convert sapwood to heartwood, on white oaks these are tight

Front 14

White Oak (Physical properties)

Back 14

Found throughout most of the Eastern US, it grows best (up to 100 ft tall) on mesic slopes with deep soil and good drainage

Front 15

White Oak (Social importance)

Back 15

Most importantspecies of the white oakgroup – 75% of lumber soldas this species is actually from it; CT, IL, & MD state tree

Front 16

Bur Oak (Physical properties)

Back 16

Primarily a northeast/ north central species that grows to around 3000 ft elevation; grows on dry to mesic sites to 80 ft tall; is drought resistant and has a broad crown

Front 17

Overcup oak (Physical properties)

Back 17

Distinguishable from other white oaks by it's narrow leaves and acorn cup that covers 2/3 to all the acorn

Front 18

Post oak (Physical properties)

Back 18

A southeastern species found from sea-level to 3000 ft above sea level, its common in dry woodlands in rocky or sandy soils; it has cross shaped leaves that are semi-scabrous

Front 19

Swamp Chestnut oak (Physical properties)

Back 19

A southeastern species found from sea-level to 1000 ft above sea level on well drained sites in bottomlands, intolerant of shade, most important species in the chestnut oak group, also known as basket oak, flaky and white bark

Front 20

Chestnut oak (Physical properties)

Back 20

A northeastern species species found on upper slopes and dry sites up to 5000 ft elevation, leaves look like swamp chestnut oak but where there ranges overlap they have different habitats, dark and ridged

Front 21

Chinkapin oak (Physical properties)

Back 21

This species has a wide range but is rare as it is restricted to limestone outcrops or alkaline soils, leaves are like like chestnut oak but shiny and pubescent

Front 22

Swamp white oak (Physical properties)

Back 22

This species has a wide range but only abundant on swamp margins and stream banks, leaves have a velvety white underside

Front 23

Live oak (Physical properties)

Back 23

This is a low woodland species and maritime forests in the Southeast, can grow to 2000 ft elevation

Front 24

Live oak (Social importance)

Back 24

Only economically important species of live oaks; Native Americans made an oil like substance; state tree of GA; important historical trees (ex: Emancipation Oak), used for ship building; wood is dense, heavy, and strong

Front 25

Northern Red oak (Physical properties)

Back 25

This species can grow in a variety of sites but grows best on mesic soils, forms pure stands in Southern Appalachians, good crop years every 2 to 5 years

Front 26

Masting

Back 26

The synchronous production of seeds in time and in number by a certain population of plants, most known in family fagaceae, predator satiation strategy

Front 27

Semelparous organisms

Back 27

Give birth once and then die

Front 28

Iteroparous organisms

Back 28

Give birth throughout their adult lives

Front 29

Black oak (Physical properties)

Back 29

A common upland oak (deep taproot); good seed crop in 2 to 3 year intervals; a brilliant yellow dye,quercitron, can be derivedfrom its inner bark

Front 30

Shumard oak (Physical properties)

Back 30

This species is one of the largest red oaks, up to 125 ft; an occasional tree withswamp chestnut oak,cherrybark oak andassociates, good shade tree with high quality wood

Front 31

Southern Red oak (Physical properties)

Back 31

This species grows to around 80 ft tall, grows best on mesic soils but can grow on upland soils

Front 32

Cherrybark oak (Physical properties)

Back 32

A large oak that can grow 130 ft tall that grows well on bottomland, poorly drained soils; has high quality wood used like Northern red oak, however, habitat and wood quality are different

Front 33

Scarlet oak (Physical properties)

Back 33

Medium sized oak that grows to 80 ft, intolerant of shade and grows on dry sites; used as a landscape tree because it tolerates drought but does not prune well (it's ugly imo)

Front 34

Blackjack oak (Physical properties)

Back 34

A short lived, short tree (about 50 ft tall), grows on dry sites with poor soils; poor growth form and poor pruner; it has thick twigs; wood used in campfires pops a lot; Halloween tree

Front 35

Sudden oak death

Back 35

This disease was discovered on the West Coast in 1995 when tan oaks started dying, it is caused by a fungus-like protist, new work identifies it as an Asian disease

Front 36

Northern red oak & pin oak

Back 36

These two species would be highly susceptible to sudden oak death

Front 37

Phytophthora infestans

Back 37

This is the organism that caused the disease causing the Irish potato famine

Front 38

Phytophthora cinnamomi

Back 38

This organism causes many important tree diseases like little leaf disease, Christmas tree disease, & jarrah diebark

Front 39

Willow oaks (Physical properties)

Back 39

This species is large (up to 100 ft tall) and is a common landscape tree due to it's desirable growth form, it has high quality wood, in its natural habitat it is a bottom land species

Front 40

Water oak (Physical properties)

Back 40

This species is a medium sized oak (around 80 ft tall) that grows on wetlands, swamps, and moist uplands; its wood is high quality and sold as red oak

Front 41

Betulaceae

Back 41

the Birch family; a family of trees with simple and alternate leaves, small to medium sized nuts or nutlets, & imperfect flowers but monecious plants

Front 42

Betula

Back 42

The Birch genus

Front 43

Yellow Birch [Betula allegheniensis] (Physical properties)

Back 43

This species grows to around 80 ft in association with other hardwoods; does not do well in areas where the summer temperature average is above 70 degrees F; its bark is light in color and has a horizontally peely texture

Front 44

Black/ Sweet birch [Betula lenta] (Physical properties)

Back 44

This species grows to 60 ft tall in mesic soils; oil of wintergreen can be extracted from the twigs; dark colored, not peely bark

Front 45

River birch (Physical properties)

Back 45

This species is the only member of Betula to occur at low elevations in the south; it is the only birch that matures its seed in the late spring

Front 46

Alnus

Back 46

the Alders genus, this genus has root nodules of Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Front 47

Red Alder [Alnus rubra] (Physical properties)

Back 47

This species occurs in the Pacific Northwest; it is the most important hardwood in that area; this is an early successional species that facilitates later succession by adding N to the soil

Front 48

Ironwood (Physical properties)

Back 48

A shade tolerant tree in the understory, only species in its genus

Front 49

Eastern hophornbeam [Ostrya virginiana] (Physical properties)

Back 49

Looks similar & has the same habitat as ironwood but it has shaggier bark

Front 50

Carnegiea gigantea

Back 50

Saguaro cactus; grows on gravelly soils, is the state flower of AZ

Front 51

Tiliaceae

Back 51

the Linden family, only one NA species is a tree

Front 52

Linden/ Bee Tree/ Basswood [Tilia americana] (Physical properties)

Back 52

This species grows to 80 ft tall on deep mesic soils; excellent wood quality; bees make honey from this tree; can be confused with Morus but this tree does not have milky sap; fibrous phloem

Front 53

Linden/ Bee Tree/ Basswood [Tilia americana] (Social importance)

Back 53

Native Americans would make rope from this tree

Front 54

Salicaceae

Back 54

the Willow or Poplar family

Front 55

genus Salix

Back 55

Willow genus, not important commercially

Front 56

genus Populus

Back 56

Consists of aspens and cottonwoods

Front 57

Black willow (Physical properties)

Back 57

This species is a rapid growing tree, up to 70 ft tall; this is the only commercially important willow, used for furniture and ornamental trees; this species grows best along rivers and reproduces well vegetatively

Front 58

Quaking aspen [Populus tremuloides] (Physical properties)

Back 58

This species has a circumpolar distribution, most widely distributed in NA; it is a fast growing, short lived tree; reproduced via root sprouts and clonal groves

Front 59

Swamp cottonwood [Populus heterophylla] (Physical properties)

Back 59

This species is not commercially important and grows to 100 ft on bottomland soils in the coastal plain of NC

Front 60

Ericaceae

Back 60

the Heath family

Front 61

Kalmia, Leucothoe, & Rhododendron

Back 61

The leaves of these plant types contain andromedotoxin which is toxic to sheep

Front 62

Rhododendron

Back 62

This species is an alternate host of sudden oak death

Front 63

Sourwood

Back 63

This species is an understory tree that grows at an angle to reduce self shading; it is used as an ornamental and honey is made from this tree

Front 64

Ebenaceae

Back 64

the Ebony family; true ebony comes from diospyros ebenum

Front 65

Persimmon

Back 65

This species is a shade tolerant growing to 50 ft tall; grows in a wide range of habitats; has a large fruit and alligator bark

Front 66

Rosaceae

Back 66

the Rose family, commercially important for its fruit

Front 67

Black cherry (Physical properties)

Back 67

This species grows to 80 ft tall in a wide range of habitats; it is shade intolerant; the leaves are toxic, as they contain a cyanogenic glycoside

Front 68

Fabaceae

Back 68

the Bean family/ the legumes

Front 69

Honeylocust (Physical properties)

Back 69

This is a species of bottomlands and limestone soils; strong durable wood

Front 70

Honeylocust (Social importance)

Back 70

Thornless varieties of this tree were planted as replacements for American elm, it's pulp can be made into beer

Front 71

Kentucky coffeetree [Gymnocladus dioicus]

Back 71

This is an uncommon tree in its native habitat; it is a common landscape tree, seeds were used as a poor coffee substitute

Front 72

Black locust (Physical properties)

Back 72

This tree is a fast growing, shade intolerant tree; it is invasive in Europe; the locust leaf miner makes the leaves turn brown in late summer

Front 73

Cornaceae

Back 73

the Dogwood family

Front 74

Flowering dogwood (Physical properties)

Back 74

This is a small, shade tolerant, understory species; it is currently under threat from dogwood anthracnose; this tree is a calciphile

Front 75

Flowering dogwood (Social importance)

Back 75

This is an important ornamental and the state tree for many states (flower = NC, VA; tree = MO VA); an important source of nutrients for birds

Front 76

Blackgum (Physical properties)

Back 76

This speces grows to 60 ft on variety of sites; it is a very long lived tree; these trees often hollow out; excellent ornamental

Front 77

Aquifoliaceae

Back 77

the Holly family, only Ilex has trees

Front 78

American holly (Physical properties)

Back 78

This is the largest native holly; it can grow in many habitats, extremely generalist; it has hard wood

Front 79

Folklore

Back 79

Hollies are important in ___.

Front 80

Hippocastanaceae

Back 80

the Buckeye family, this is full of important ornamentals

Front 81

Aceraceae

Back 81

the Maple family

Front 82

Sugar maple (Physical properties)

Back 82

This species is important both economically and ecologically, they are in decline possible due to acid rain

Front 83

Burl

Back 83

This is a type of plant gall, a growth on the surface of the wood

Front 84

Burled wood

Back 84

Uses of this include: veneer, sculpture, inlay, furniture, picture frames... etc

Front 85

Spalting

Back 85

Any form of wood coloration caused by fungi, this usually involves more than one fungus and is only really done on hardwoods

Front 86

Anacardiaceae

Back 86

the Cashew family, sap dries black, cashew nut shells are toxic

Front 87

Euphorbiaceae

Back 87

the Spurge family; found in almost all terrestrial habitats; some have sticky, milky sap, which can be poisonous; some have succulent stems and spikes or thorns

Front 88

Manchineel [Hippomane manchinella] (Physical properties)

Back 88

This species is native to Florida, the Caribbean, and parts ofCentral and South America; it is one of the most poisonous trees in the world; its fruits resemble tiny apples that are sweet to the taste

Front 89

Manchineel [Hippomane manchinella] (Social importance)

Back 89

Carib Indians used the sap of this tree to poison their arrows and tied prisoners to it; common name in Spanish is “manzanilla de la muerta”

Front 90

Zygophyillaceae

Back 90

the Caltrop family, the heartwood of genus Gualacum in this family is the hardest known wood, made into guitar picks

Front 91

Oleaceae

Back 91

the Olive family

Front 92

White ash (Social importance)

Back 92

The most commercially important ash; its wood is used for baseball bats, tennis rackets, hockey sticks, and oars

Front 93

Green ash (Physical properties)

Back 93

A tree of poorly drained soils and has yellow-green bark

Front 94

Emerald ash borer

Back 94

This Asian insect endangers up to 7.5 billion ash tree, infection in trees can take up to a year to recognize, bio-control is being researched

Front 95

Scrophulariaceae

Back 95

the Figwort family; in this family Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is the source of the glycosideheart medicine Digitalis

Front 96

Bignoniaceae

Back 96

the Trumpet-Creeper family, the genus Catalpa has two tree sized species in the US

Front 97

Asteraceae

Back 97

the Aster family; an extremely large family with one semi woody shrub, Baccharishalmifolia, is an ornamental that blooms in late fall

Front 98

Lilopsida

Back 98

the monocots