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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Deindividuation |
A special individual state in which control over one's behaviour is weakened and there is less concern about normative standards, self-presentation and later consequences of ones behaviour |
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Festinger (developed theory) |
-Loss of personal identity taking on a group identity - inhibition lowered aggression more likely - relinquish personal control -anonymity -diffusion of responsibility - disinhibited |
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Zimbardo (Theory) |
- diminished awareness of own individuality - larger group means greater anonymity - diminished fear of negative evaluation of actions - reduced sense of guilt - minimise concerns of evaluation |
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Diener (Theory) |
- self awareness blocked by environmental events - strong feeling of group membership - increased levels of arousal - focus on external events - anonymity - rational planning affected |
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Zimbardo (Stanford prison experiment) |
- Guards deindividuated (khaki,sunglasses,stick) - Removed from normal environment -24 emotionally stable male participants - Prisoners deindividuated (smocks, number) -Guards created brutal atmosphere, abusive, authoritarian way, host of disinhibited antisocial behaviours |
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Zimbardo (SPE Explicit AO2) |
This supports deindividuation as an explanation of aggression as when the guards were disguised they identified with their roles and so acted violently to the prisoners, who were also deindividuated |
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Zimbardo (Lab study) |
- female undergraduates - loose fitting lab coats, hoods over face, not referred to by name - delivered stronger shocks than those who wore normal clothes and knew each others name - aggressive behaviour indiscriminate not influenced by characteristics of individual receiving aggression |
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Zimbardo (Lab study Explicit AO2) |
This supports deindividuation as an explanation of aggression as when deindividuated, wearing hoods over their faces and not referred to by name, they were more aggressive than those who are clearly identifiable |
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Rehm et al |
- 10-11 German 5-person hand ball team - One team bright orange shirts - Other team different shirts - Orange shirts more aggressive - Creates similarity amongst member - Has ecological validity (familiar game, school) |
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Rehm et al (Explicit AO2) |
This supports deindividuation as a theory of aggression as the orange shirts created similarity amongst members of the team and so the loss of individuality led to deindividuation and higher levels of aggression |
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Dodd |
- 'If you could be totally invisible for 24 hours and were completely assured that you could not be detected or held responsible for your actions what would you do?' - No significant differences in answer between prisoners and students - 36% students answers antisocial - even students capable of antisocial behaviour |
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Dodd (Explicit AO2) |
This supports deindividuation as a theory of aggression as it shows that when people lose their identity and become deindividualised anyone could become aggressive as 'normal' college students admitted they would display antisocial behaviour if invisible |
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Mann |
- Baiting crows - 21 suicide leaps - 10 of 21 where a crowd had gathered baiting had occurred - occurred at night when crowd was large and some distance from the person being taunted |
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Mann (Explicit AO2) |
This supports deindividuation of aggression as when a crowd had gathered at night where they were deindividuated they were more likely to perform aggressive acts by encouraging people to commit suicide |
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Diener et al |
-1300 children Seattle, 27 experimental homes - Bowl of sweets to participants place it down tell them to only take one and left momentarily - Children who were alone, identifiable, more likely to only take 1 - Children in a group, anonymous, more likely to take more than one |
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Diener et al (Explicit AO2) |
This supports deindividuation as when part of a group children were more likely to take more sweets as they were unidentifiable and took on group anonymity |
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Ellison et al |
- Convertible cars - tops up or down - driving stimulation : aggression judged speed, red lights ran, collisions, pedestrians run over - drove more aggressively when in anonymous condition, (top up) |
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Ellison et al (Explicit AO2) |
This supports the deindividuation theory of aggression as people who were in the anonymous condition and were deindividuated drove more aggressively |
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Johnson and Downing |
-2 groups: Ku Klux Klan or nurses outfit - Electric shocks - Ku Klux Klan gave higher shocks than normal - Nurses gave lower shocks than normal - Respond to normative cues associated with social context where they find themselves
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Johnson and Downing (Explicit AO2) |
This contradicts the deindividuated theory of aggression as it shows that deindividuation does not always lead to aggression rather people take on an appropriate level of aggression for their social roles given by their uniform |
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Postmes and Spears |
- Meta analysis of 60 studies into deindividuation - Did not discover consistent findings of deindividuation acting as a psychological influence on the individuals state and behaviour |
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Postmes and Spears (Explicit AO2) |
This contradicts the deindividuated theory of aggression as there are no consistent research findings to support the argument that reduced inhibitions and antisocial behaviour are more likely to be seen in large groups or crowded situations |
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Methodology |
- Participants may not see pushing a button for an electric shock as an act of aggression may just see it as teaching the learner - May reflect conformity rather than aggression |
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Real life examples which support |
- Ku Klux Klan - London Riots - Football Hooliganism |
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Real life examples which contradict |
- Religious gatherings: Hajj -Music festivals - 9/11 or 7/7 |
