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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percent of an average adult's weight is water?
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60%
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What percent of an average adult's weight is ECF? ICF?
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ICF= 40% ECF=20%
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What is ICF broken down into?
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nothing
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What is ECF broken down into?
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interstitial and intravascular
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electrolyes
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minerals and slats when dissolved, separate into ions and carriers an electrical current
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What is the normal range for Na+?
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135-145 mEq/l
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What is the normal range for K+?
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3.5 - 5.0 mEq/l
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What is the normal range for Ca+?
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4.5-5.5 mg/dl
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What is the normal range for HCO3-?
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22-26 mEq/l arterial
24-30 mEq/l venous |
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What is the normal range for Cl-?
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95-105 mEq/l
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What is the normal range for Mg+2?
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1.5-2.5 mEq/l
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What is the normal range for PO4-3?
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2.8-4.5 mg/dl
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What is the normal range for pCO2?
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35-45
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What is the normal range for pO2?
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80-100
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What is the normal range for pH?
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7.35-7.45
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What is the main function of a mineral?
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act as a catalyst
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Osmosis
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movement of a solvent, water, across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration of solute to an area of greater solute concentration
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Osmotic pressure
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drawing poer for water
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Osmols
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concentration of a solution
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What is the normal serum osmolarity?
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280-295 mOsm/kg
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Hypertonic
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pulls fluid out of cell -skinny
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isotonic
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expands volume without causing a fluid shirft
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Hypostonic
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moves fluid into cell - fat cell
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What affects osmotic pressure?
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albumin
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Colloid osmotic pressure
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keeps fluid in intravascular space
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Oncotic pressure
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keeps fluid in intravascular space
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What kind of pressure does albumin exert?
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colloid osmotic or oncotic
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What would a lack of albumin cause?
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edema
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Diffusion
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movement of solute into solution across a semipermeable membrane from a higher to lower concentration
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Edema
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accumulation of fluids in interstital space
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Filtration
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water and substances move together in response to fluid pressure
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What are 2 examples of active transport
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Na+ and K+pump - glucose and insulin
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How many mls do you need a day?
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2200-2700mls
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Who releases ADH?
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posterior pituitary
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QWho releases aldosterone?
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adrenal cortex
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When does adrenal cortex release aldosterone?
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plasma K+ levels increase or renin-angiotensin mechanism to counteract hypovolemia
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Hypovolemia
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reduced circulating blood volume
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Where does aldosterone work?
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distal portion of renal tubule
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What does aldosterone do?
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reabsorbs Na+ and secrees K+ and H+
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When is ADH released?
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in response to changes in blood osmolarity
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Who secretes renin?
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kidneys
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Why is renin released?
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in response to decreased renal perfusion (drop in BP)
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What does renin do?
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vasoconstriciton, increase BP
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What is sensible water loss?
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can see
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What is insensible water loss?
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can't see
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How much fluid moves through the GI system?
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3-6 l
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How much fluid is lost form the GI system?
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100-200ml
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How much Na+ should an adult consume a day?
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2-4 thousand
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What regulates Na+?
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diet and aldosterone
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In motor function, Caudate/putamen inhibits _____ _____ and Substantia nigra via GABA.
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globus pallidus
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What regulates K+?
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diet and renal excretion
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Is K+ ICF or ECF?
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ICF
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What regulates Mg?
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diet, kidneys, PTH
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What regulates Cl-?
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diet and kidneys
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What regulates HCO3-?
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kidneys
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What regulates PO4-3?
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diet, kidneys, intestines, PTH
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What organ takes housr or days to correct acid base?
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kidneys
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What organ can correct pH rapidly?
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lungs
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What are children ages 2-12 at risk for electrolytic imbalances?
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less table regulatory responses
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Why are adolescents at risk for electrolytic imbalances?
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increased metabolic process
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Why are older adults at risk for electrolytic imbalances?
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kidneys, meds, lungs
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What are some causes of hyponatremia?
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vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction, diuretics, kidney disease, adrenal insufficiency, burns, excessive perspiration
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What would you find with a person with hyponnatremia?
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personality change, apprehension, postural hypotension and dizziness, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, convulsions, coma
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2-5 days after surgery, what are you at risk for?
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respiratory acidosis, metaboilic alkalosis
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What are some causes of hypernatremia?
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excess salt intake, excess aldosterone secretion, diabetes insipidus, increased sensible and insensible water loss, water deprivation
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What are some signs and symptoms of those with hypernatremeia?
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extreme thirst, dry and flushed skin, dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes, postural hypotension, fever, agitation, convulsions, restlessness, irritability
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What are some causes of hypokalemia?
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use of potassium wasting diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, excess aldosterone secretion, polyuria, extreme sweating, excessive use of K+ free IV solutions, treatment of DKA with insulin
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What are some signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
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weakness and fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting, intestinal distention, decreased bowel sounds, decreased deep tendon reflexes, ventricular dysrthythmias, irregular pulse
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What are some causes of hyperkalemia?
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renal failure, flluid volume deficit, massive cellular damage, adrenal insufficiency, acidosis, rapid infusion of stored blood, use of K sparing diuretics, ingestion of K salt substitutes
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What are some signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?
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anxiety, dysrhythmias, paresthesia, weakness, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
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What are some causes of hypocalemia?
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rapid administration of blood transfusions containing citrate, hypoalbuminemia, hypoparathroidism, vit D deficiency, pancreatitis, alkalosis, chronic renal failure, chronic alcoholism
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What are some signs and symptoms of hypocalemia?
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tetany, numbness, tingling of fingers, hyperative reflexes, muscle cramps, pathological fractures
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What are some causes of hypercalcemia?
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hypepararthyroidism, osteometastasis, pager's disease, osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, acidosis, thiazide diuretics
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What are some signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
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anorexia, nausea and vomiting, weakness, hypoactive reflexes, lethargy, flank pain (from kidney stones), personality changes and cardiac arrest
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What are some causes of hypomagnesemia?
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inadequate intake, excessive loss resulting from thiazide diuretics aldostereone excess, polyuria
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What are some signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
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hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, confusion and disorientation, tachcardia, hpertension, dysrhytmias,
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What are some causes of hypermagnesemia?
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renal failure, excess oral or parenteral intake
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What are some signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
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acute elevation in magnesium levels, hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, decreased depth and rate of respirations, hypotension and flushing
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What are the findings with a person with metabolic alkalosis?
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pH>7.45
HCO3- > 26 (possible hypoventilation) |
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What are the findings with a person with metabolic acidosis?
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pH < 7.35
HCO3- < 22 |
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What are the findings associated with respiratory alkalosis?
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pH > 7.45
pCO2 < 35 |
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What are the findings associated with respiratory acidosis?
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pH < 7.35
pCO2 > 45 |
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What are the findings associated with a patient with cardiovascular disease?
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reduced kidney perfusion - Na and H2O retention
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What are the findings associated with a patient with renal disorders
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retention of Na, K, water, elevates BUN, Cr, metabolic acidosis from retention of H+
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What disturbances do diuretics cause?
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metabolic alkalosis, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia
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*What disturbances do steroid causes?
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metabolic alkalosis
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What disturbances do potassium supplements cause?
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GI disturbances
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What disturbances do respiratory center depressants cause?
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decreased rate and depth of respiration, resulting in respiratory acidosis
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What kind of medications cause respiratory center depressants?
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opioid analgesics
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What disturbances do antiboitics cause?
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hyperkalemia, hypernatremia
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What could a side effect of antibiotics be?
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nephrotoxicity
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What disturbances could tums cause?
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milk metabolic alkalosis
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What disturbances could milk of magnesia cause?
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hypokalemia
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What disturbances could nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs cause?
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nephrotoxicity
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When should you initiate I&O?
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post op, unstable, temps, fluid restrictions, diuretic, IV therapy, chronic cardiopulmonary or renal diseases.
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What should the BUN:Cr ratio be?
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10:1
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What is the Cr level for men?
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1.4
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What is the Cr level for women?
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1.2
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When does BUN increase?
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with infection or steroidal therapy
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When does BUN decrease?
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malnutrition or hepatic damage
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If pH goes down how does pCO2 and bicarb move?
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pCO2 goes up
bicarb goes down |
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If ph goes up how does pCO2 and bicarb move?
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pCO2 down
bicarb goes up |
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What is the most important indicator or fluid imbalance?
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weights
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If you are testing ABG from a radial pulse what do you need to do?
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transport in crushed ice
pressure to site for 5 min reassess radial pulse |
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Infiltration
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inflammation of vein as evidenced by swelling, pallor, coolness
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Phlebitis
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IV fluids enter Sq tissue around venipuncture site as evidence by pain, edema, erythemia, warmth, redness
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What is the treatment for infiltration?
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warm moist towel and elevation
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What is the treatment for phlebitis?
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warm moist heat
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How do you prevent phlebitis?
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change site ever 72 hours
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