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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Albumin
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a plasma protein responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure of the blood
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Aldosterone
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a mineralocorticoid hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubules
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Alkalosis
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a decreased number of hydrogen ions; a blood pH greater than 7.4
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Anabolism
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the building up or synthesis of complex compounds from simple molecules
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Anaplasia
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undifferentiated primitive cells of variable size and shape, associated with cancer
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Anemia
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a decrease in circulating hemoglobin and oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood because of decreased erythrocyte production, decreased hemoglobin production, excessive hemolysis, or loss of blood
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Aneurysm
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an outpouching or abnormal dilated area in a blood vessel
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Angiogenesis
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the development of new capillaries
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Angiography
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an examination of blood vessels using radiographs with a contrast medium
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Angioplasty
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repair of a blood vessel
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Diffusion
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the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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Diplopia
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double vision
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Disinfectant
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a chemical that may destroy or inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms
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Diuresis
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excessive amount of urine
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Dyscrasia
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abnormality of the blood or bone marrow; abnormal cell characteristics or numbers
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Dysentery
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severe diarrhea, often bloody, with Cramps
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Dysphagia
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painful or difficult swallowing
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Dysplasia
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disorganized cells that vary in size and shape with large nuclei
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Dyspnea
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difficulty breathing
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Dysuria
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painful urination
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Epistaxis
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nose bleed
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Erythema
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redness and inflammation of the skin or mucosa due to vasodilation
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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the rate at which RBCs settle out of a blood specimen (containing anticoagulant); an elevation in ESR is a general characteristic of inflammation
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Etiology
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cause or origin of a disease or abnormality
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Eupnea
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normal, regular, quiet breathing
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Fibrinogen
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the plasma protein that is formed into solid fibrin strands during the clotting process
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Fibrinolysis
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the breakdown of fibrin
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Fibrosis
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growth of fibrous or scar tissue related to collagen Deposits
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Globulin
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a group of proteins in the blood
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Glucocorticoid
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the steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex, e.g., cortisol (hydrocortisone), that increase blood glucose levels and act to decrease inflammation and allergic reactions
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Gluconeogenesis
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the production of glucose from protein or fat
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Glucosuria
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glucose in the urine
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Glycemic Index
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the rate at which an ingested carbohydrate elevates blood glucose levels
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Glycogen
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a polysaccharide, made up of glucose molecules, stored in skeletal muscle or the liver
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Glycoprotein
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a combination of protein and carbohydrate
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Gram stain
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a stain for bacteria that differentiates the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria from that of Gramnegative bacteria; used for identification and choice of drug treatment
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Hemarthrosis
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bleeding into a joint cavity
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Hematemesis
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vomiting blood; may be called “coffeegrounds” vomitus because it appears brown and granular
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Hematocrit
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percentage of erythrocytes in a blood sample
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Hematoma
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a blood clot formed following bleeding into a tissue or organ
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Hematuria
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blood in the urine; may be microscopic (small amount) or gross (large amount, darkening the color)
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Hemiparesis
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weakness on one side of the body
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Hemiplegia
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paralysis on one side of the body
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Hemolysis
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destruction of erythrocytes with release of hemoglobin
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Hemoptysis
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frothy sputum containing streaks of blood, usually bright red; spitting up blood
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Histamine
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a chemical released from mast cells and basophils during immune reactions; causes vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
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Hypercapnia
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increased level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood
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Hyperemia
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increased blood flow in an area, resulting in a warm, red area
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Hyperkalemia
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abnormally high level of potassium ions (K+) in the blood
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Hypernatremia
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abnormally high level of sodium ions (Na+) in the blood
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Hyperplasia
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an abnormal increase in the number of cells resulting in an increased tissue mass
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Iatrogenic
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caused by a treatment, procedure, or Error
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Incubation period
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the time between the initial exposure to the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs of infection
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Infarct, infarction
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an area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood supply
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Inflammation
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the response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
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Insidious
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a disease whose onset is marked only by vague or mild general signs and can be deadly
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In situ
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cell growth and reproduction, such as cancer, remaining at the original site, not invasive or spreading
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Interleukin
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protein (cytokine) primarily produced by T cells, active in the inflammatory and immune responses and leukocyte communication
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Intraarticular
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into the joint cavity or joint space
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Intractable
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resistant to treatment, e.g., pain that cannot be relieved by drugs
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Ipsilateral
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same side of the body
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
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an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent general vasoconstrictor and stimulus for aldosterone secretion
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Ankylosis
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fixation or immobility at a joint
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Anomaly
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an abnormal structure, often congenital
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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increases absorption of water in the renal tubules
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Aphasia
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loss of the ability to communicate, speak coherently, or understand speech
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Apnea
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lack of breathing
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Apoptosis
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normal programmed cell death in tissues
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Arrhythmia
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loss of normal heart rate and rhythm; dysrhythmia
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Arteriosclerosis
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hardening and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall with narrowing of the lumen
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Arthroscopy
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examination and possible treatment of a joint through insertion of a small instrument
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Asystole
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absence of cardiac contractions; cardiac arrest or standstill
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Ataxia
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impaired coordination, imbalance, staggering gait
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Atelectasis
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collapse and nonaeration of part or all of a lung
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Atherosclerosis
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development of obstruction by cholesterol plaques and thrombus on the walls of large arteries
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Atrophy
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degeneration and wasting of tissue, organs,or muscle due to decrease in cell size
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Bacteremia
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bacteria present in the circulating blood
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Bactericidal
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chemical that destroys bacteria
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Bacteriostatic
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substance that reduces the growth and reproduction of bacteria
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Baroreceptor
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a sensory nerve receptor that is stimulated by a change in pressure, perhaps blood pressure
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Bifurcation
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the division of a tube or vessel into two channels or branches
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Bilirubin
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a product from the breakdown of hemoglobin, excreted in bile
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Borborygmus
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the rumbling or gurgling sounds from gas in the intestine
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Bradykinin
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a chemical mediator released during inflammation causing vasodilation
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Bronchoconstriction
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contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles, narrowing the airways
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Bronchodilation
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relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles, widening the airway
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Bruit
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an abnormal sound heard by auscultation, e.g., blood flow in an aneurysm
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Cachexia
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extreme loss of weight and body wasting associated with serious illness>’cachetic’
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Calcification
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deposits of calcium in tissues
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Catabolism
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the breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules during metabolism
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Cataract
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an opacity of the lens of the eye
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Chemotaxis
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the movement of cells toward or away from an area of the body in response to chemical signals; e.g., phagocytic cells move to an area of tissue injury
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Collagen
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the common protein making up connective tissue and bone
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Collagenase
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an enzyme that breaks down collagen fibers
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Complement
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a series of inactive proteins circulating in the blood; when activated, they can destroy bacteria or antigens, or participate in the inflammatory response
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Contralateral
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opposite side of the body
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Contusion
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tissue injury or bruise; bleeding into tissues
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Corticosteroid
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the steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex, including the glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
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C-reactive protein (CRP)
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appears in the blood with inflammation and necrosis
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Crepitus
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the noise heard when the ends of a broken bone rub together or when fluid is present in the lung
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Cyanosis
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bluish color of skin and mucosa that occurs when a large proportion of hemoglobin is unoxygenated
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Differential count
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the proportion of each type of leukocyte in a blood sample
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Differentiation
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increased specialization of cells for certain functions
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Ketone or Ketoacid
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chemical byproduct of lipid metabolism
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Kyphosis
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increased convex curvature of the spine in the thoracic region; “hunchback”
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Latent
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present but hidden and inactive
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Lesion
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an abnormality in the structure of a tissue or organ
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Leukocytosis
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an above-normal number of leukocytes (WBCs) in the blood
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Leukopenia
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a decreased number of leukocytes in the blood
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Lichenification
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hardening and thickening of the skin; leather-like
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Lithiasis
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presence or formation of stones or calculi, e.g., cholelithiasis—gallstones
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Lymphadenopathy
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a disease affecting the lymph nodes
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Lymphoma
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malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue
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Lysis
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destruction of a cell
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Lysosome
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a membrane-bound vesicle in a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme
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Lysozyme
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enzymes found in some cells and in body fluids such as tears, sweat, or saliva, which can destroy some microorganisms
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Mast cells
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located in the tissues, they release chemicals such as histamine, heparin, and bradykinin in response to injury or foreign material
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Mediastinum
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the area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs, in which is located the trachea, esophagus, and large blood vessels
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Megaloblast
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abnormally large, nucleated, immature erythrocytes
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Melena
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black, tarry stool caused by bleeding in the digestive tract
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Metabolic syndrome
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syndrome associated with obesity including hypertention, type 2 diabete and hyperlipidemia
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Metaplasia
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replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type
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Metastasis
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spread of cancer cells to distant sites by the blood or lymphatics; secondary malignant tumor
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Murmur
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an abnormal sound heard in the heart, caused by a defective valve or opening in the heart
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Neoplasm
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abnormal growth of new cells, benign or Malignant
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Nociceptor
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receptors for pain stimuli
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Nocturia
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urination required during sleep at night
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Nosocomial
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an infection acquired while hospitalized
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Nuchal rigidity
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a stiff neck, often associated with meningitis or brain hemorrhage
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Nystagmus
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involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes in any direction
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Opportunist
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a microorganism, normally non-pathogenic, that causes infectious disease when the person’s resistance is reduced, microbial balance is upset, or the microbe is transferred to another part of the body
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Organogenesis
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the formation and differentiation of organs and systems during embryonic development
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Orthopnea
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difficult or labored breathing when recumbent that is usually relieved by an upright position
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Osmosis
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the force that draws water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher concentration
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Osmoreceptors
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sensory nerve receptors stimulated by changes in fluid and electrolyte concentrations
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Paraneoplastic syndrome
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additional disorders such as Cushing’s syndrome resulting from some malignant tumors
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Paraplegia
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paralysis of the lower limbs
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Paresis
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muscle weakness or mild paralysis
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Paresthesia
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abnormal sensations ‘pins and needles’
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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awakening in severe respiratory distress, usually associated with pulmonary edema
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Perfusion
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the flow of blood in the microcirculation to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells
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Phlebotomy
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incision into a vein and collecting of Blood
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Polyuria
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an abnormally large volume of urine excreted within a given time period
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Prodromal
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the initial period in the development of disease before acute symptoms occur
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Prostaglandins (PGs)
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a group of chemical substances in the body that can exert a variety of effects, such as vasodilation, muscle contraction, and inflammation
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Protease
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an enzyme that breaks down a protein into amino acids
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Proteinuria
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an abnormality whereby protein is found in the urine
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Pruritus
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itching sensation
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Ptosis
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drooping eyelid
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Pulse pressure
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the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
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Purulent
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like pus (microbes, WBCs, and cell debris); thick, yellowish material in tissue often resulting from bacterial infection
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Pyrexia
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fever
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Pyrogen
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a substance that causes fever, a rise in body Temperature
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Rales
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a bubbly or crackling sound in the lungs caused by air mixing with fluid in the airways
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Reflux
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backward movement of fluid, e.g., from the stomach into the esophagus and mouth
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Regeneration
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tissue repair through replacement by identical functioning cells
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Retrovirus
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a virus containing RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase, required to convert RNA to DNA that is then integrated with host cell DNA
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Rhonchus
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a harsh noise heard in the lungs resulting from air passing through partial obstruction by thick mucus or exudates
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Sclerosis
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abnormal hardening of tissue
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Scotoma
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a defect in the visual field
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Septicemia, sepsis
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systemic infection arising from bacterial toxins in the circulating blood or bacteria reproducing and spreading through the circulating blood
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Serous
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watery secretion
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Serum
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the liquid portion of the blood, lacking cells and clotting factors
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Steatorrhea
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fatty, bulky stool resulting from malabsorption
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Stem cell
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a basic cell that may divide to give rise to a variety of specialized cells, e.g., the blood cells
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Stenosis
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narrowing of a tube, valve, or opening (stricture)
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Sterile
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absence of all forms of microorganisms
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Stricture
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abnormal narrowing of a duct or tube
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Stridor
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an abnormal high-pitched, crowing sound caused by obstruction in the trachea or larynx
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Supine
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lying down on the back
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Syncope
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fainting, temporary loss of consciousness
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Syndrome
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a group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disorder
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Synergism
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a combination of substances or agents that produce an effect greater than expected
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Tachycardia
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excessively rapid heartbeat
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Tachypnea
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rapid, shallow respirations
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Teratogen
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a substance or condition that impairs normal development of the embryo or fetus in utero, causing a congenital abnormality
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Tetany
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repeated skeletal muscle contractions or spasms, seen in the extremities and face, related to increased irritability of the nerves, often associated with hypocalcemia
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Supine
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lying down on the back
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Syncope
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fainting, temporary loss of consciousness
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Syndrome
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a group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disorder
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Synergism
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a combination of substances or agents that produce an effect greater than expected
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Tachycardia
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excessively rapid heartbeat
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Tachypnea
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rapid, shallow respirations
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Teratogen
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a substance or condition that impairs normal development of the embryo or fetus in utero, causing a congenital abnormality
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Tetany
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repeated skeletal muscle contractions or spasms, seen in the extremities and face, related to increased irritability of the nerves, often associated with hypocalcemia
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Uremia
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the end result of renal failure when waste products accumulate in the blood and fluid/electrolyte imbalance develops
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Health
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Physical, mental, and social well-being
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Disease
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Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
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Pathophysiology
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Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease. Uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology. Includes aspects of pathology, which describes structural changes in body tissues due to disease.
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Gross level
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Organ or system level
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Microscopic level
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Cellular level
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Biopsy
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Excision of small amounts of living tissue
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Autopsy
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Examination of the body and organs after death
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Diagnosis
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Identification of a specific disease
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Etiology
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Causative factors in a particular disease
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Predisposing factors
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Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual
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Pathogenesis
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Development of the disease
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Acute disease
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Develops quickly, marked signs, short term
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Chronic disease
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Often milder, develops gradually, persist for long time
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Subclinical state
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Pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations
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Latent state
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No symptoms or clinical signs are evident
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Prodromal period
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Early development of a disease. Signs are non-specific or absent
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Manifestations
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Signs and symptoms of disease
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Syndrome
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Collection of sign and symptoms. Often affecting more than one organ
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Remissions
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Manifestations of the disease subside or are absent
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Precipitating factor
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Condition that triggers an acute episode
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Complications
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New secondary or additional problems
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Therapy
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Treatment measures to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease
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Sequelae
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Unwanted outcomes of primary condition
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Convalescence
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Period of recovery
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Prognosis
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Probability for recovery or for other outcomes
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Rehabilitation
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Maximizing function of diseased tissues
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Epidemiology
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Science of identifying the causative factors and tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
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Morbidity
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Indicates the number of people with a disease within a group
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Mortality
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Indicate the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group
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Epidemics -
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Occur when a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease occur with a given area
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Pandemics
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Involve a higher number of cases in many regions of the globe
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Occurrence of disease
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Tracked by incidence and prevalence
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Incidence
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Number of new cases in a given population within a specified time period
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Prevalence
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Number of new and old or existing cases in a specific population and within a specified time period
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Atrophy
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Decrease in the size of cells. Results in reduced tissue mass
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in cell size. Results in enlarged tissue mass
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Hyperplasia
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Increased number of cells. Resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
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Metaplasia
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Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
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Dysplasia
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Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
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Anaplasia
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Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
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Neoplasm
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“New growth” – commonly called tumor
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Ischemia
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Deficit of oxygen in the cells
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Hypoxia
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Reduced oxygen in tissues
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Physical damage
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Excessive heat or cold, Radiation exposure
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Mechanical damage
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Pressure or tearing of tissue
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Chemical toxins
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Exogenous: from environment, Endogenous: from inside the body
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Microorganisms
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i.e., bacteria and viruses
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