Basic Concepts In Veterinary Microbiology

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Microorganism

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Living forms that are so small as to be visible only through the use of microscope

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Bacteria

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Unicellular prokaryotic living life forms

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Prokaryote

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A living from in which its nuclear substance is not enclosed by distinct nuclear membrane

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Eurkaryote

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A life form in which its nuclear substance is enclosed by a distinct nuclear membrane

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Fungi

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Eukaryotic plant-like like forms devoid of chlorophyll

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Virulence

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Measure of degree of bacterial pathogenecity

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Attenuation

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A process of weakening or reducing the virulence of a pathogen

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Culture

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Refers to population of microbes growing in a given environment

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Pure culture

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Denotes a bacterial culture that contains a single species of microbes having the same genetic make up

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Culture medium

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Mixture of nutrients needed to support the multiplication of bacteria

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Colony

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A compact mass of bacterial cell growing visibly to in a medium

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Strain

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A descendant of bacterial of pure culture

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Infection

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Refers to the existence of a disease caused by a living pathogen

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Mixed infection

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An infection caused by more than one species of pathogen

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Carrier

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A living host that appears normal yet continously discharges virulent organisms in its excretion

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Convalescent carrier

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Living host with a recognized infection and has not competently rid itself of the infection

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Immune carrier

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Living host that has no history of disease but eliminates the pathogen

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Sterilization

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Includes all chemical and physical methods of destroying all forms of living pathogens

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Disinfectant

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A chemical agent that kills growing and infective forms of bacteria

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Antiseptic

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A chemical agent applied to living tissues with the purpose of preventing microbial growth

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Sanitizer

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A chemical agent applied to inanimate objects with the purpose of reducing microbial population to safe levels

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Germicide

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A chemical agent that kills microbes

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Bacteriostasis

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A condition that prevents growth and multiplication of bacteria

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Localized infection

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Denotes the confinement of a pathogenic infection within a particular anatomic spot

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Focal infection

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Refers to the confinement of an infection in a restricted area

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Latent infection

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Infection that is usually held in check by the defense forces of the body

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Bacteremia

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Presence of bacteria in blood

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Septicemia

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Denotes presence of bacteria in the blood that multiply and produce toxins

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Pyemia

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Presence of pus forming bacteria in blood

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Toxemia

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Denotes the presence of toxins in blood liberated by bacteria that are undergoing Lysis

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Sapremia

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Presence of saphropytes on dead tissues and produce of toxins that aggravate existing pathological conditions when absorbed by the body

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"Wild type" bacteria

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Bacteria isolated from their natural habitats

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Axenic culture

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Bacterial culture that contains single species of microbes

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Potential pathogen

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An ordinary commensal but under certain circumstances can cause a disease and lowers host's resistance

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Opportunistic pathogen

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Organism that are generally harmless in their normal habitat but can cause a disease upon gaining access to other

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Obligate pathogen

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An organism that always cause a disease when it encounters an animal or any living host

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Pathogenecity

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Capacity of an organism to produce a disease

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Infectivity

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Capacity of an organism to establish itself and cause an infection

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Toxigenicity

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Refers to the capacity of a pathogen to produce toxic metabolites

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Secondary invader

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A microbe that can initiate a disease on its own

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Gnotobiotic

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Are animals in whose fauna and flora are known and previously defined

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Specific pathogen free (spf)

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Animals that have come from stocks delivered through caesarian operations

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Medical Microbiology

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studies causative agents of disease, diagnostic procedures for the identification of the causative agents and possible preventive measures.

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Aquatic Microbiology

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concerned with water purification, microbiological examination and degradation of waste.

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Food Microbiology

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deals with safety of food preparation and preservation as etiology of food-borne disease and preventive measure

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Aero-microbiology

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concerned evaluates degree and spread of contamination, spoilage as well as dissemination of diseases

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Agricultural Microbiology

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concerned with preservation and management of soil fertility, plant and animal diseases; their treatment, management and control.

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Industrial Microbiology

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focuses on production of medicinal products like vaccines, antibiotics, fermented beverages, production of hormones and proteins, by genetically engineered microbes

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Geochemical Microbiology

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conducts studies on the formation of minerals and gas from low-grade substances like ore

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Exo-microbiology

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field that considers ways for the exploration for life in outer space, investigates various conditions that may be contributory to the growth of both higher and lower forms of life in the upper strata of the atmosphere.

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Big Bang Theory

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proposes the idea that life originated as a result of forces generates as a consequence of the collision and explosion of the heavenly bodies which took places in ancient times

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Divine Creation Theory

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supports belief that God created the universe and every living form that thrives in it. Many insists on the biblical connotation of this theory

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Spontaneous Generation Theory (Heterogenesis, Abiogenesis)

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this concept agrees with the idea that animate or living forms on earth came from inanimate forms.

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Biogenesis

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considers that living things came only from living things. Contradictory to the theory on spontaneous generation.

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Theory on Evolution of Chemical Process

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follows the idea that atmospheric inorganic compounds interact with electrical charges in the atmosphere. the charged substances form organic compounds which when subjected to physical and environmental effects are degraded into amino acids to formation of peptides

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Theurgical theory of diseases

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disease was believed to be attributed to the wrath of divine spirits for the punishment of individual sins.

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Miasmatic Theory of diseases

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this notion views that diseases are due to emanations from the soil, influence of stars, the moon, the winds, the water or tides, and the seasons. (Hippocrates)

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Pore Theory

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believed to be disproportion and abnormal symmetry of pores resulted to disease and that change in pores in afflicted parts assured recovery of human beings and animals from illness

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Germ Theory

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supported speculation that disease is attributed to the presence of causative agent known as germs.

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Fracastoro 1546 Italy

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studies on infectious diseases were made by this scientist based on results on his studies on syphilis

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Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek 1676 Holland

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First Morphological features of bacteria were seen by Leeuwenhoek. He developed lenses which magnified objects about 200 to 300 times their actual sizes

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Spallanzani 1675

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First observation on the prevention of bacterial growth in meat infusion after heating. Method of Sterilization

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Davaine 1850

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first to document anthrax bacili in sheep blood

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Louis Paseur 1860

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Introduced sterilization of methods using flasks.

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Robert Koch 1843-1910

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isolated tuburcle bacteria, Koch's Postulate

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Koch's Postulate

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organism is regularly found in every disease lesion

organism can be isolated in pure culture

Inoculate of culture produces a similar disease in experimental animals

Organism can be recovered from the lesions of experimental animals

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Limitations of Koch's Postulate

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some organism cannot be isolated on artificial media

Some organism are not pathogenic to experimental animals

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Schroeder and Dusch

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cotton plugs in test tubes as microbe filter while facilitating entry of oxygen in and out of the test tube to allow aerobes to grow under normal culture conditions

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Lester

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introduced use of antiseptics in dressing wounds to reduce bacterial contamination

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Development of Microscope

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Cornelius Drebbel - 1590-1610 - invented first microscope

Galileo 1609 - contributed in refinement of microscope

Anthony Van Leewoenhoek 1632 - significant contribution in microscope in field of microbio

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Development of Laboratory Methods

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Staining of bacteria with: carmine, fuchsin, methyl violet, flagellar stains

staining of blood films

isolation of pure culture

filtration methids has been refined

sterilization samples has been improved

Biochemical tests has been devised to test metabolic products of bacteria

Anaerobic culture has been improved

Devt. of antibiotics

prod. of penicillium used to prevent growth of pathogen Staphylococcus

prod. of Bacillus brevis to inhibit Streptococcus

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Rules in designating official names for bacteria

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1. Names are written in binomials

2. Binomials are italicized or underlined

3. First letter of the generic name is capitalized while specific name is not capitalized

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Bacterial classification

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1. Species

2. Genus

3. Family

4. Order

5. Class

6. Division

7. Kingdom

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Bacterial Classification - Genetic Basis

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based on gene-controlled metabolic pathogen

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Bacterial Classification - Phylogeny - Nucleic Acid Homology

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DNA base sequence of bacteria

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Bacterial Classification - Species differentiation

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common genetically-controlled characteristics (appearance, size, shape, flagellar patterns, capsule occurence)

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Bacterial Classification - Numerical Taxonomy

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Basis of similarity which is quantitatively described

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Identification of Bacteria - Colonial Morphology

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form visible and macroscopic masses of growth

a. loop-forming

b. folding and snapping

c. slipping, smooth and spreading

d. mucoid

e. smooth

f. rough - usually exhibits mutant strain

g. L-colonies - devoid of cell wall

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Macroscopic Morphology

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Size

Shape

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Diplococci

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round or spherical in pairs

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Streptococci

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in chains

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staphylococci

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resembling chains

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Sarcina

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Tetrads or packets

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coccobacili

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short rods

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fusiform

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rods with tapering ends

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filamentous

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long threads

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Helical/Vibroid

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1. several coils or turns (Rigid Forms)

2. less than one complete twist (vibroid/Comma-shape)

3. Highly flexible helical forms

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Misc. shape

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Pear-shape

Lope-shape

Discs like stacks of coin

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Staining Rxns - Simple Staining

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single stain

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Staining Rxns - Differential Staining

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appl. dye or stain that makes differences between its structures

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Staining Rxns - Gram Staining

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classifies microbes to Gram-positive and Gram-negative

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other staining mthds - acid fast

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acid fast vs non-acid fast

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other staining mthds - endospore

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spores and free spore strctr

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other staining mthds - capsule

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capsule around cells

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other staining - methods flagellar

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presence and arrangement of flagellae

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other staining mthds - Cytoplasmic

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intracellular deposits of starch and glycogen

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other staining mthds - Lactophenol

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fungal spores and other structure

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Other staining mthds - Giemsa

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rickettsial and protozoan spcm

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Biochem characteristics - Serologic Reactivity

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serogroups and sertoypes of organism

indications:

1. flagellar clumping

2. cellular agglutination

3. capsular aggregation

4. Neufeld Quellung - detects capsular polysaccharides

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Biochem characteristics - Bacteriophage Typing

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based on susceptibility or resistance to lytic effects

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Biochem characteristics - Pathogenecity in anmls

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lethal effects on animals

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Biochem characteristics - Antibiotic sensitivity

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sensitivity or resistance to effects of antibiotics

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polar

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flagella at one pole

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bipolar

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flagella at opposite poles

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amphitrichous

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flagella at both poles

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petritrichous

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flagella surround cell at random

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Lophotrichous

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group of flagella at one pole

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Atrichous

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No flagella

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Monotrichous

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one flagella

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Multitrichous

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multiple flagella

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Detecting Bacterial Motility

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Hanging drop tech

spread of bacterial growth as film on agar

turbidity in a soft/semisolid medium

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Fimbriae (pili)

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finer filamentous appendages

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Capsule (Slime layer)

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mucoid glistening part that lies external to the cell wall

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cell wall

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made up of peptidoglycans, responsible for rigidity of cell

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Cytoplasmic membrane

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osmotic barrier against unwanted substance

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Cytoplasm

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rich in RNA-protein bodies (ribosomes), granular appearnace

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Spore

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bacterial dormant forms

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Nucleus

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not enclosed by nuclear membrane

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substances that make up the bacterial cell

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carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

nitrogen

phosphorus

sulfur

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Lag phase

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time when bacteria try to adapt to a new environment and inability of bacteria to double population size

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Exponential or Log Phase

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period of maximall cell growth, cells divide steady at constant rate

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Stationary phase

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gradual tapering of the log phase

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Phase of decline

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faster death rate than cell division

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Phase of adjustment

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period when bacteria are transferred and adapt to a new environment

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Criteria when a substance can be a nutrient to bacteria

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1. substance is capable of crossing the cell membrane through diffusion

2. Bacterial cells contain enzymes that can incorporate the compound into porotoplasm

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Sources of energy

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1. light

2. chemical compounds

3. Carbon

4. organic substance

living host

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Photorophs

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utilize radiant energy

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Chemotrophs

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Chemical compounds

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Autotrophs

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Carbon as source of energy

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Heterotrophs

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Organic substances

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Obligate

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Require a living host

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Obligate anaerobes

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live in strict anaerobic environment

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Faculative anaerobes

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grow in presence or absence of Oxygen

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Aerobes

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require oxygen for growth

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Microaerophiles

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utilize low amount of oxygen

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pH requirement

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6.5 to 7.5

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Water requirement

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serves as milieu of many bacterial processes

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Vitamin requirement

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require minute quantities of vitamins

B, Nicotinic Acid, Pyroxidine, Folic and Cyanocobalamine

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Mineral Requirements

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Phosphorus

Sulfur

Magnesium

Molybdenum

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Other Growth Factors

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Yeast

Whole blood

Amino Acid

Glucose

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Signs of bacterial toxicity

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1. Temp. Inhibition of bacterial growth

2. Growth of Abnormal cells

3. Mechanism for cell division is deranged

4. Formation of spaghetti-like cells

5. Gram-positive to Gram-negative cell transformation

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Protoplasmic areas susceptible to toxic reactions

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1. outer boundary

2. cytoplasm

3. nucleus

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Effects of low temp on bacteria

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1. retards growth

2. low rate of enzymatic process

3. destruction of cell proteins

4. Destruction of cell organelle

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High temp on bacteria

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speeds up chem rxns

generates energy at faster speed

destruction of cell protein

disintegration of protoplasm

increase rate of death

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Pressure

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14.7 pound/ sq. inch (Atmospheric pressure)

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Extreme pressure on bacteria

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denaturation of protein

increase molecular vol

hastens catalytic action

inhibits cell division

induces fragmentation of long filamentous forms

inhibit and inactivate enzymatic rxn

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sensitive targets of radiation

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1. enzymes on cytoplasm

2. nucleus

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Respiratory enzymes

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dehydrogenases

Iron-poryphyrin protein enzymes

Carbohydrate metabolsim

Composition of carbohydrates

Fat metabolism

Protein metabolism

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Ways by which bacteria degrade amino acid

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Decarboxylation

Deamination

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Deamination

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Aerobic oxidative deamination

Non-oxidative deamination

Tryptophan breakdown

Stickland Reaction

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Enzymes responsible for protein breakdown

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Proteinases

Peptidases