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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ecchymosis
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a blue-purple discoloration of the skin due to passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue
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Echographia
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A form of agraphia in which one cannot express his/her thoughts in writing, but can accurately copy written material or from dictation; pathological copying of words or phrases in written form
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Echoic memory
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Form of sensory memory for auditory information - limited duration (2-3 seconds), but large capacity
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Echopraxia
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Involuntary (pathological) imitation of the movements or gestures of another person.
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Damage to what area of the brain may result in echopraxia?
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frontal lobe
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ECoG
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abbreviation for electrocorticography or electrocorticogram; activity (brain waves) recorded directly from the cortical surface of the brain
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Ecological validity
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One type of external validity that pertains to how well a test (or the methods, materials, setting of a study) predicts behavior in real situations or everyday life
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Ecphory
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pertaining to episodic memory retrieval - interaction between retrieval cues and stored information that lead to reconstruction of information into memory (described by Tulving)
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Electrocerebral Silence (ECS)
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electrocerebral inactivity - associated with brain death
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Edema
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Tissue swelling and intracranial pressure increase that result from water accumulation in the brain
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What is the difference between vasogenic edema and cytotoxic edema?
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vasogenic edema- accumulation of water in the extracellular space
cytotoxic edema - diffusion of water into cells due to neural or glial membrane impairment |
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Effective visual field
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portion of the visual field where recognition of letters is possible
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Efferent
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conduction of neural messages AWAY from the CNS (think E for Exit)
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Elaboration
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Pertains to memory processing - information that was initially encoded into memory is enriched through additional processing of the information
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Electrical stimulation mapping
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electrical current is applied directly to the brain in order to identify eloquent areas (i.e., sensory, motor, language).
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ECT
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Electroconvulsive Therapy - Treatment in which seizure is produced by passing electrical current through brain; commonly used to treat psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, schizophrnia)
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How should ECT be administered to obtain the fewest cognitive side effects?
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Unilateral ECT generally results in less cognitive impairment than bilateral ECT; Cognitive impairment is also less frequently observed when unilateral stimulation is applied to the nondominant hemisphere (although dominant hemisphere stimulation may be more therapeutic)
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Electrodermal response (EDR)
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a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to physical or psychological stimuli (e.g., stress, anxiety); same as Galvanic skin response (GSR)
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Recording of brain waves using scalp or depth electrodes (commonly used to diagnose epilepsy, encephalitis or encephalopathies, dementia; also used to evaluate brain death and coma); recordings directly from the cortical surface during surgery are usually referred to as ECog (electrocorticogram)
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Electrolyte imbalance
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When electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium) become disturbed due to dehydration or dietary insufficiency. Can cause confusional state, particularly in elderly.
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ELISA
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - this is a test that is very sensitive at detecting antibodies in the blood or CSF; Often used to diagnose infection agents that are not easily cultured (e.g., lyme disease, AIDS)
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Eloquent cortex
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Ares of the brain that would result in significant functional impairment if they were surgically resected (e.g., language, motor, and sensory areas)
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Embedded Figures Tests
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This test includes a number of complex designs, each which contain a more simple geometric figure. Subject must locate the simple geometric figure and trace the shape of it
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Embolism
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blockage of a blood vessel that disrupts blood flow (may be due to thrombus fragment or other intra-arterial or cardiac material); has been thought to be most common cause of TIAs and cerebral infarction
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What is the most common embolic source?
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the heart
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Where do emobli most frequently lodge?
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bifurcations, branchings and curvatures in the blood vessels (e.g., bifurcations of common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and middle cerebral artery)
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Embolization
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Method used to close vessels feeding AVMs (e.g., metal pellets, thrombogenic coils, balloons, glues)
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What are some common conditions that require embolization?
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1) reduce size of AVM before resection; 2)to treat aneurysms and cavernous fistulas that cannot be resected; 3) to stop uncontrollable bleeding of an artery following head or neck injury
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Emotional lability
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Rapid and repetitive shifts in affect
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What conditions may result in emotional lability?
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common in mania and delirium; may also result from damage to the orbitofrontal regions
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Empty speech
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Speech is fluent, but lacking in content often because of significant word-finding difficulties; characteristic of anomic aphasia
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Empyema
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presence of pus in a body cavity (can be epidural or subdural)
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Encapsulated
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encased or enclosed
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Encephalitis
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brain inflammation that results from infection (usually viral)
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What is the most common type of viral encephalitis and what areas of the brain are affected by it?
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herpes simplex encephalitis -damages inferior surface of frontal and temporal lobes
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Encephalocele
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congenital skull defect that usually results in a protrusion of brain tissue through the defect
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Encephalomalacia
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softening of brain tissue, usually caused by vascular insufficiency, degenerative changes, or trauma
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Encephalopathy
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Diffuse brain imparment - often due to some systemic condition. Often accompanied by a confusional state
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Encoding
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Process by which a stimulus representation gets into memory
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Encoding specificity principle
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memory retrieval is a function of the overlap between the context of learning and that of the retrieval; when information available at encoding is present during retrieval, memory is facilitated
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Endarterectomy
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surgical excision of the inner lining (plaque) of an artery (often carotid artery) that is clogged with atherosclerotic buildup; this procedure decreases risk of ischemic stroke in patients with significant stenosis
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Endorphins
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compounds (peptide hormones) synthesized in the brain that bind to opiate receptors; they reduce the sensation of pain and affect emotions
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Where are endorphins found within the brain?
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endorphins are primarily in the pituitary; lesser amounts are also present in the hypothalamus and other regions of the brain involved in pain perception
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Entorhinal cortex
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anterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus in the medial temporal lobe; relay area between hippocampus and association cortex; involved in odor processing and memory
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Environmental dependency syndrome
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syndrome marked by imitation and utilization behavior - patients are excessively responsive to stimuli in their environment
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What area of the brain is usually damaged in environmental dependency syndrome?
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this syndrome has been associated with bilateral orbitofrontal lesions
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EOMI
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"Extra-ocular movements intact" - includes up, down, medial and lateral movements of the eyes.
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If a patient's extra-ocular movements are intact, what cranial nerves are functioning normally?
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3rd - oculomotor
4th - trochlear 6th - abducens |
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Ependyma
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epithelial membrane that lines the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain
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Ependymoma
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A CNS neoplasm made up of relatively undifferentiated ependymal cells (usually from central canal of spinal cord); most are benign and slow growing, although they can be malignant
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Epicritic
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pertains to sensory nerve fibers that enable the perception of slight differences in the intensity of stimuli, especially touch (light or localized touch) or temperature; also light pressure and sharp pain
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Epidural hematoma
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an extradural hematoma - blood accumulates between dura and calvaria (skull)
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What is a common cause of epidural hematoma?
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often results from skull fracture when meningeal artery is damaged by bony skull groove
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Epigastric
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upper middle region of the abdomen (above the stomach)
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Epilepsy
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brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures (usually defined as...at least 2 spontaneous, unprovoked seizures)
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Epilepsy - Centrencephalic Epilepsy
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historical term used to refer to the hypothesis that generalized epilepsy is triggered by a subcortical pacemaker
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Epilepsy - Psychomotor Epilepsy
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epilepsy with prominent ictal motor automatisms (e.g., lipsmacking) and seizures arising from temporal lobe region (now called complex partial epilepsy)
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Epilepsy - Reflect Epilepsy
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epilepsy in which seizures are provoked by specific stimuli in the enviroment (internal or external) (e.g., flashing lights)
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Epilepsy - Rolandic Epilepsy
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this type of epilepsy occurs in childhood; it is a benign focal motor epilepsy that is assocaited with central-temporal spikes on EEG
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Epilepsy Surgery
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neurosurgical intervention for the treatment of medically intractable epilepsy (doesn't respond to anti-epileptic drugs); epileptogenic region is resected to eliminate seizures
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Epinephrine
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neurotransmitter associated with the sympathetic nervous system - released by adrenal gland
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Episodic Dyscontrol Syndrome
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involves intermittent explosive behavior in reaction to frustration; individual seems ot lose self-control and strike out in rage that is disproportionate to the stimulus (pts often diagnosed with DSM-IV - intermittent explosive disorder)
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Where is the lesion likely to be found in neurologic patients who demonstrate dyscontrol episodes?
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often lesions in ventromedial structures, including frontal cortex, hypothalamus, septal nuclei, and amygdala
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Episodic Memory
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context-specific memory that is typically autobiographical (a type of explicit memory)
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Equipotentiality
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posits that memory impairment depends on amount of tissue damaged rather than on localization of the lesion - proposed by Karl Lashley
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Errorless Learning
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all errors are prevented during training process - believed to be more efficient than trial and error learning in neurological populations (especially those with anterograde amnesia)
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Errors of Action
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problems with perception-action cycle (often includes sequencing deficits or misuse of objects)
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Erythemia
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Redness of the skin or mucous tissues caused by dilatation and congestion of the capillaries, often a sign of inflammation or infection
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Essential Tremor
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a common usually hereditary or familial disorder of movement; characterized by benign resting tremor of the hands, head or voice - typically exacerbated by anxiety and by activity; not symptomatic of Parkinson's disease
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How is essential tremor typically treated
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beta-blockers
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Etat Lacunaire
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mutliple small infarcts often associated with chronic high blood pressure
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Evoked Potentials
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an electrical response in the cerebral cortex as recorded following stimulation of a peripheral sense receptor
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What are the two broad categories of evoked potentials?
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1) Exogenous sensory potentials - modality-specific responses reflecting processing of sensory info in afferent pathways; 2) Endogenous potentials - not specific to a sensory modality and reflect task that subject is asked to perform (aka event-related potentials)
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Auditory Evoked Potentials
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recorded in response to auditory stimuli; range from brainstem auditory evoked respones (reflect integrity of brainstem auditory pathway and occur in first 10 milliseconds post-stimulation) to long-latency evoked potentials that are generated in neocortex and reflect processing speed
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Motor Evoked Potentials
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activity recorded in relation to motor response; includes activities before movement or shortly after movement
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Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
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recorded in response to brief somatosensory stimulation (e.g., electric shock); used to assess integrity of sensory functioning
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Visual Evoked Potentials
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recorded in response to visual stimuli (e.g., strobe light); used to assess integrity of visual function; long-latency VEPs are generated in neocortex and reflect processing speed
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Executive Function
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cognitive abilities needed to accomplish comlex goal-directed behaviro and adaptation in response to environmental demands; includes planning, cognitive flexibility, direction of attentional resources; also involved in self-awareness and monitoring
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Exner's Area
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posited to be center for motor graphic images needed for successful writing; located in the poterior portion of the second frontal convolution; not supported by research
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Exploratory Factor Analysis
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a multivariate statistical method for characterizing the relationships between a set of observed variable in terms of their relation to a smaller set of common underlying variables referred to as factors.
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Extensor
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when this type of muscle is contracted, it causes the limb to extend or straighten (opposite of flexor)
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External Validity
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extent to which results from a measure can generalize beyond that measure
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Extinction
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two definitions: 1) failure to detect a stimulus contralateral to a lesion during bilateral simultaneous stimulation, but detection to affected side is intact with unilateral stimulation; 2) in classical conditioning, animal stops producing learned response when it is no longer reinforced
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Motor Extinction
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akinesia in contralateral limb increase when person simultaneously uses extremities ipsilateral to lesion
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Sensory Extinction
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Most often observed in tactile modality; often observed during resolution of hemispatial inattention with right cerebral injuries
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Extinction Burst
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increase in frequency of response following withdrawal of reinforcer
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Extrapyramidal Motor System
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functional unit of structures that are physiologically similar, including basal ganglia, subtahalmic nucleas, substantia nigra and their interconnections and connections with the thalaums
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Extrapyramidal Syndrome (EPS)
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includes akinesia, rigidity, temor akathisia, and buccolingual dyskinesia - often experienced as side effects of neuroleptic medications; different from tardive disorders in that movement abnormalities develop acutely rather than following long-term medication use
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Extubation
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removal of endotracheal or tracheostomy tube
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