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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carcinogens |
Cancer-causing Agents |
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Specific Gravity |
The weight of a substance when compared to an equal volume of water. Water is given a value of "1." A liquid that is <1 will float. A liquid that is >1 will sink in water. |
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Vapor Density |
The weight of a given vapor compared to an equal volume of air. Air is geven a value of "1." A vapor that is lighter than air will have a volume <1. A vapor that is heavier than air will have a volume >1. |
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Flammable Range |
Concentration of fuel and air that will sustain combustion. Concentration between the UEL and LEL. |
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State of Material |
Solid, Liquid, Gas |
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Flast Point |
Minimum temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface. |
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Fire Point |
Temperature at which enough vapors are given off to support continuous burning |
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LEL/LFL |
Lower explosive limit/Lower flammable limit - the lowest concentration that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source is present. |
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UEL/UFL |
(Upper explosive limit/Upper flammable limit) - the highest concentration that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source is present. |
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Vapro pressure |
Pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container. |
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Atmospheric pressure |
Force exerted by weight of the atmosphere at the earth's surface. |
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Boiling Point |
Temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure. Expressed in degrees F. |
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Sublime or Sublimation |
To change directly from a solid into a gas without going into a liquid state in between. |
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BLEVE |
(boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) Occurs when a liquid within a container is heated causing the material inside to boil or vaporize beyond the vessel's ability to relieve the excess pressure. Apply a minimum of 500gpm flow on a flame impinged tank. |
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Solubility |
The percentage of a material (by weight) that will dissolve in water at ambient temperature. Non-water-soluble liquids remain separate when combined with water; water-soluble liquids mix easily when combined with water. |
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Miscibility/Immiscibility |
The degree or readiness with which two or more gasses or liquids are able to mix with or dissolve into each other. Miscible - liquids that dissolve into each other Immiscible - Liquids that do not readily dissolve into each other |
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Polymerization |
Chemical reaction in which a catalyst causes simple molecules to combine to form long chain molecules. |
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Alpha Particles |
Are positively charged particles that lose energy rapidly in matter and do not penetrate very far. Can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper. |
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Beta Particles |
Are fast-moving positively or negatively charge electrons. Can penetrate the skin, but more damaging when ingested or inhaled. Can be stopped by a layer of clothing or a few mm of a substance such as aluminum. |
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Non-Ionizing Radiaiton |
Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons, is referred to as "non-ionizing radiation." i.e. Microwaves, radio waves, infrared light and the visible light spectrum. |
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Ionizing Radiation |
Radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms. The removal of electrons can disrupt chemical bonds resulting in a chemical change in the atom. i.e. X-ray, gamma rays, alpha and beta particles |
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Gamma Rays |
High-energy photons that come from the nucleus of the atom. Have no charge but are very penetrating, easily passing through the human body and being absorbed by tissue. Require several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead to stop the more energetic gamma rays. |
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X-Rays |
High-energy photons produced by the interaction of charged particles with matter. Are the single-largest source of manmade radiation exposure. Generally lower in energy and thus less penetrating than gamma rays. Can be stopped with a few mm of lead. |
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Neutrons |
Ultrahigh energy particles that have a physical mass like alpha radiation but no electrical charge. Highly penetrating. Most likely encountered in research labs. |
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Radiation Protection Strategies |
Time, Distance, Shielding |
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Radiation Inverse Square Law |
Doubling the distance from a radiation source decreases the radiation level of 4 (1/4 or 25%). Conversely, halving the distance increases the radation level by four (4X or 400%) |
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Simple Asphyxiants |
Gasses that displace the oxygen necessary for breathing. i.e. Carbon Dioxide |
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Chemical Asphyxiants |
Substances that prohibit the body from using oxygen. i.ei Carbon Monoxide |
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Asphyxiants |
Substances that affect the oxygenation of the body and generally lead to suffocation. |
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Mutagens |
Substances or agents that are capable of altering the genetic material in a living cell. |
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Teratogens |
Substances or agents capable of causing developmental abnormalities in utero (unborn child). |
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Allergens |
Substances that cause allergic reactions in people or animals. |
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Sensitizers |
Chemicals that cause a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure to the chemical. |
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Corrosives |
Chemicals that destroy or burn living tissues and have destructive hazards. |
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Acid |
Any chemical that ionizes to yield hydrogen ions in water; has pH value of 0-6. |
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Base |
Any water-soluble compound that breaks apart in water to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion; (OH) and has pH value of 8-14. |
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NFPA 704 Health (blue; position 1) |
0: normal materials 1: slightly hazardous 2: hazardous 3: extreme danger 4: deadly |
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NFPA 704 Flammability (red; position 2) |
0: will not burn 1: combustible 2: ignited w/ heat 3: readily ignited 4: very flammable |
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NFPA 704 Reactivity or Instability (Yellow; position 3) |
0: stable 1: unstable if heated 2: violent chemical change 3: shock or heat may detonate 4: may detonate |
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NFPA 704 Special (White; position 4) |
NFPA Special Symbols: OXY= Oxidizer ALK= Alkali ACID= Acid COR= Corrosive W= Keep away from water |
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Hazmat Level I Incident |
Incident within the capabilities of first responders or organization. i.e. Spill of 20 gallons of gasoline. |
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Hazmat Level II Incident |
Incident that requires service of formal Hazmat Response Team. i.e. Any incident requiring chemical protective clothing; a tank rollover. |
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Hazmat Level III Incident |
Requires resources from state/provincial, federal and/or private industries and requires unified command. i.e. A train derailment |
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Large Spill vs. Small Spill |
Large: Greater than 55 gal Small: Less than 55 gal |
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LD 50 |
The amount of an injected or ingested substance that results in the death of 50% of a test population. Usually described in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. |
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LC 50 |
The concentration in air of an inhaled substance that results in the death of 50% of a test population. Usually described in parts per million. |
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Acute Exposure |
Contact with a substance that occurs once of for only a short time (up to 14 days) |
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Chronic Exposure |
Repeated exposure over a long period of time (months, years) to a particular chemical or hazardous substance. |
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IDLH |
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Exposure Period: Immediate |
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PEL |
Permissible Exposure Limit is the maximum concentration of a substance to which the majority of healthy adults can be exposed over a 40-hour work week. Exposure Period: 8 Hours (Time-weighted average - TWA) |
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PEL (C) |
Permissible Exposure Limit (Ceiling) is the maximum concentration that to which an employee may be exposed at any time even instantaneously. Exposure Period: Instantaneous |
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STEL |
Short-term Exposure Limit is the maximum concentration allowed for a 15 minute exposure period. Exposure Period: 15 minutes (TWA) |
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TLV |
Threshold Limit Value is an occupational exposure value recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) to which workers can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime. Exposure Period: Lifetime |
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TLV-TWA |
Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average is the allowable time-weighted average concentration. Exposure Period: 8-hour day or 40-hour workweek |
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TLV-STEL |
Threshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure Limit is the maximum concentration for a continuous 15 minute exposure period (max of 4 periods per day with 60 minutes between exposures provide daily TLV-TWA is not exceeded). Exposure Period: 15 Minutes TWA |
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TLV-C |
Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling is the concentration that should not be exceeded even for an instant. Exposure Period: 15 minutes (TWA) |
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Absorption |
Contact between materials that have an attraction for each other where one material will be absorbed (sucked up into) the other. Absorbents tend to swell up. i.e. A dry sponge sucking up water |
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Adsorption |
Molecules adhere to the adsorbent material rather than being sucked up into it. Adsorbents do not swell like absorbents and are often carbon-based materials. |
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Blanketing/Covering |
Involves blanketing or covering the surface of a spill to prevent dispersion of the materials such as powders or dust. |
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Dike, Dam Diversion, and Retention |
Ways to confine a material. These methods are done to control the flow of material away from the point of discharge and are usually conducted with earthen materials. |
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Vapor Suppression |
Reducing the emission of vapors usually by the application of foam. This is a very effective technique when used on flammable or combustible liquids. i.e. AFFF |
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Vapor Dispersion |
Action taken to direct or influence the course of air-borne (gas or vapor) hazmads. i.e. Directing a hose line at the gas being released from a chlorine cylinder. |
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Regular Protein Foam |
Non-existent today. Derived from hoof, horn or feather meal and converted to protein liquid. Good heat stability but not very mobile and won't spread out. Available in 3 and 6& concentrations. |
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Fluoroprotein Foam |
Combination based protein and synthetic foam concentrate with fluorochemical surfactants (oil shedding materials that reduce surface tension) and is well suited for SUBSURFACE INJECTION. Available in 3 and 6% concentrations. |
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Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) |
Completely synthetic and consists of fluorochemical and hydrocarbon surfactants along with high boiling point solvents and water. The fluorochemical surfactants reduce surface tension of water to a degree less than the surface tension of the hydrocarbon so that a thin film can spread across the fuel preventing vapors from forming. Available in 1, 3 & 6% concentrations. Suitable for Subsurface Injection |
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Alcohol Resistant AFFF (AR-AFFF) |
Another class of AFFF concentrates that incorporates alcohol resistant concentrates. This is the foam of choice for alcohol fire and also for alcohol fuel formulations (e85). Avilable in 1,3 & 6% concentrations. |
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High-Expansion Foam |
High expansion foam concentrates are special purpose that are similar to Class A Foams. Because the are low-water content, they minimize water damage. Generally not advised for use outside because wind can easily disturb the foam blanket. Expansion ratios of 200:1 to 1000:1 (air to solution ratios). Great for confined space. |
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Routes of Entry |
Inhalation Ingestion Absorption Injection |
