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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Properties or characteristics that sciences uses to define life. |
- Order - Sensitivity - Reproduction - Adaptation - Growth and Development -Regulation - Homeostasis - Energy Processing |
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The organization of living systems begins with |
atoms, which are made up of the basic building blocks of elements. |
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The basic structural and functional unit of all living things |
the cell. |
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Tissues |
combinations of different cell types |
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Organs |
combinations of different tissue types |
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Organ System |
specific organs which work together within a multicellular organism |
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Population |
The individuals of a particular species within a distinct area |
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Species |
The largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring
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Community |
Interacting group of various species in a common location
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Ecosystem |
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
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Biosphere |
The regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of a planet occupied by living organisms.
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Emergent Properties |
A property which a collection or complex system has, but which the individual members do not have
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Energy |
The capacity to do "work." |
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Living things acquire ________ and _________. |
Materials and Energy |
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Sun |
The ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth |
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Photosynthesis |
The process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things.
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Food |
Provides nutrient molecules used as building blocks for energy. |
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Metabolism |
All of the chemical reactions that take place within a cell. |
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Homeostasis |
A state of biological balance. The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes. |
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Response |
Living things interact with the environment and with other living things. It is the way in which an organism reacts to some sort of sensory input.
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Responses help to ensure |
survival of an organism and the opportunity for it to carry out its biological activities. |
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Behavior |
The collection of responses made by an organism to the sensory information it receives from its interaction with other organisms and the environment. |
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Reproduction |
The ability of every type of organism to give rise to another organism like itself.
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Binary fission |
- A kind of asexual reproduction.
- Most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. - After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells. |
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Fertilization |
The fusion of gametes, sperm and egg, to initiate the development of a new individual organism |
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Genes |
- The basic physical and functional unit of heredity.
- Act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. - Vary in size - Comprised of DNA |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid |
- DNA - Genetic coding material for all living things |
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Adaptation |
Modificationsthat make organisms suited to their way of life.
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Natural Selection |
Theprocess by which species become modified over time .
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Evolution |
"Descentwith modification over time."
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Biodiversity |
The total number of species, their variable genes, and their ecosystems. |
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Extinction |
Thedeath of a species or larger group.
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Taxonomy |
Thediscipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules.
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Categories of Classification
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- species (least inclusive)
- genus - family - order - class - phylum - kingdom - domain (most inclusive) |
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Genus |
A class of organisms that have common characteristics and that can be divided into subordinate kinds.
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Kingdom |
grouping together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common
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The three domains |
1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya |
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Bacteria and Archae |
unicellular prokaryotes without membrane bound organelles |
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Eukarya |
multicellular organisms with membrane bound nuclei |
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Prokaryotes |
A single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Kingdoms |
- Protista, or newly named Protoctista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia |
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Protists or Protoctists |
Taxonomic kingdom made up of eukaryotic, unicellular organisms. Members of Protista now belong to the kingdom Protoctista, a new classification in most modern taxonomic systems.
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Fungi |
any organism, comprising single-celled or multinucleate organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow: includes the mushrooms, molds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and yeasts.
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Plants |
Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms |
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Animals |
Organismsthat ingest and process their food
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binomial nomenclature |
The system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet
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Biology |
Thescientific study of life consisting of many disciplines.
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Observation |
The active acquisition of information from a primary source.
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Hypothesis |
- a tentative insight into the natural world
- a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations - must be testable - must be falsifiable |
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Inductive reasoning |
A logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.
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Data collection |
The process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
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Experimentation |
The process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
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Conclusion |
Summarizes how the collected results or data support or contradict the original hypothesis.
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Deductive reasoning |
- A logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true.
- If, then logic |
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Predicition |
A statement about an uncertain event. It is often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge.
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Experimental design of Design of Experiment |
An efficient procedure for planning experiments so that the data obtained can be analyzed to yield valid and objective conclusions.
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Control group |
An experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables.
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Model |
A systematic description of an object or phenomenon that shares important characteristics with the object or phenomenon.
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Data |
The observable and objective results of an experiment. |
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Theory |
A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world.
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Law or Principle |
A statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe.
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Independent (experimental) variable |
- A variable whose value determines the value or values of other variables.
- math or statistical terminology |
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Dependent (responding) variable |
- A variable in whose value is determined by the values assumed by other variables
- Math or statistical terminology |
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Water |
- The key to life as we know it. - The universal solvent. |
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Solvent |
A substance that can dissolve other molecules and compounds. |
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Solute |
Any molecule or compound that dissolves in a solvent. |
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Aqueous solution |
A solution which uses water as its solvent. |
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Dissociation |
The process in which a compound or molecule breaks apart to form ions. |
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Cohesion |
The attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind. |
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Surface tension |
The tendency of a liquid's surface to resist rupture when placed under tension or stress. |
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Adhesion |
The attraction of molecules of one kind of molecules for molecules of a different kind. |
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Capillary action |
- The upward motion of an aqueous solution against the force of gravity. - Dependent upon the attraction between water molecules and the walls of the tube, as well as on interactions between water molecules. |
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Specific heat capacity |
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celsius. |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy of motion. |
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Temperature |
The average kinetic energy of a group of molecules. |
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calorie (case of the 'c' is important) |
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius. |
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Heat of Vaporization |
The amount of energy needed to change on gram of liquid to a gas at constant temperature and pressure. |
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Water's heat of vaporization |
540cal/g at 100 degrees celsius |
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Evaporative cooling |
The loss of kinetic energy to the environment through evaporation. |
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Acidic Solution |
Has a high concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]), greater than that of pure water.
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Basic Solution |
Has a low [H+], plus, end superscript concentration, less than that of pure water.
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Autoionization |
Hydrogen ions are spontaneously generated in pure water by the dissociation (ionization) of a small percentage of water molecules.
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1 × 10^-7 M (moles per liter of water)
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The concentration of hydrogen ions produced by dissociation in pure water.
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mole |
A unit used for quantities of small and potentially very numerous things, such as atoms and molecules.
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6.02 x 10^23 particles
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Avogadro's number, one mole of a substance
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Molarity |
The number of moles of a solute (a molecule, ion, etc.) in a liter of solution.
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Avogadro's number handy property
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The mass of one mole of an element in grams to equal the mass of one molecule of that element in atomic mass units.
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Acid or Base? |
Solutions are classified as acidic or basic based on their hydrogen ion concentration relative to pure water.
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Acidic solutions |
Have a higher [H+] than water (greater than 1 × 10^-7 M)
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Basic (alkaline) solutions |
Have a lower [H+] than water (less than 1 × 10^-7 M) |
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pH |
- Calculated as the negative log of a solution’s hydrogen ion concentration.
- pH= -log10[H+] |
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Acid |
A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
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Base |
Raises pH by providing hydroxide or another ion or molecule that removes hydrogen ions from solution.
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pH scale (3 descriptors) |
- Used to rank solutions in terms of acidity or basicity - Logarithmic, a change of 1 pH unit corresponds to a ten-fold change in [H+] - Ranges from 0 to 14 |
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pH inside human cells |
6.8 |
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pH of human blood |
7.4 |
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pH of stomach acid |
1 to 2 |
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Buffer |
Solution that resist changes in pH. |
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Conjugate acid-base pair |
Acid and base differing by the presence or absence of a proton.
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Unit 1 |
Unit 1 |
