Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the thoracolumbar fascia envelope (generically)?
|
Intrinsic back muscles
|
|
|
What are the three large groups of intrinsic back muscles?
|
SET
Spinotransversarius muscles Erector spinae Transversospinalis |
|
|
What are the three muscle in the erector spinae and their location relative to each other?
|
SIL:
Spinalis - medial Longissimus - middle Iliocostalis - lateral |
|
|
What muscles are in the spinotransversarius?
|
Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis
|
|
|
What muscles are in the transversospinalis muscles?
|
Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
|
|
|
What are the borders of the suboccipital triangle?
|
Rectus capitis posterior major and minor
obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior |
|
|
What are the contents of the suboccipital region? 2 nerves and an artery
|
1. Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus C1)
2. Vertebral artery 3. Greater occipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C2) |
|
|
What does the greater occipital come from in the spine and what does it innervate?
|
C2, innervates posterior 2/3 of the scalp
|
|
|
What is the two functions of the intrinsic muscles?
|
Produces extension, lateral flexion and/or rotation of vertebral column and head
Stabilize and support back and neck |
|
|
How does the dorsal rami of spinal nerves innervate?
|
Segmental nnervation to deep muscles of back and neck
|
|
|
What is the nerve division line between upper and lower back?
|
T6
|
|
|
What is the innervation of the medial branch upper and lower back?
|
upper back - motor and cutaneous
lower back - motor only |
|
|
What is the innervation of the lateral branch upper and lower back?
|
upper back - motor only
Lower back - motor and cutaneous |
|
|
What is the origin of the suboccipital nerve and what is its function?
|
Dorsal ramus of C1; motor only
|
|
|
What is the origin of the great occiptial nerve, and what does it innervate?
|
dorsal ramus of C2; cutaneous to posterior scalp
|
|
|
What is the origin of the lesser occipital nerve, and what does it innervate?
|
ventral ramus of C2; cutaneous to posterior ear
|
|
|
What is the primary curvature of an infant?
|
Kyphotic
|
|
|
How many vertebra are there total? how many in normal mature vertebral column?
|
33 total, 26 in mature
|
|
|
How many vertebra are in each of the different spine regions?
|
7 cervical,
12 thoracic 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (1 fused) 4 coccygeal (1 fused) |
|
|
When viewed laterally dorsal or ventral bend:
Kyphosis Lordosis |
Kyphosis - bend is dorsal
lordosis - bend is ventral |
|
|
What are the primary posterior curves at birth?
|
Thoracic
sacrococcygeal |
|
|
What are the secondary anterior curves that develop with erect posture?
|
cervical
lumbar |
|
|
What is kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis?
|
K - exagerated posterior curvature
L - exaggerated anterior curvature Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curve |
|
|
Where are bifid processes?
|
C2-C7
|
|
|
Where are foramen transversarium?
|
C1-6
|
|
|
Unique features of C1?
|
1. superior and inferior articular facets aligned horizontally
2. no spinous process, transverse process or body 3. anterior and posterior arch and tubercle |
|
|
Where does 50% of cervical flexion occur?
|
Atlantoccipital joint
|
|
|
Where does 50% of cervical rotation occur?
|
Atlantoaxial joint
|
|
|
What are features of the lumbar vertebrae?
|
1. no costal facets or foramen transversarium
2. large vertebral body 3. prominent transverse process 4. "square" shaped spinous processes 5. mammillary process 6. not uncommon to see 6 lumbar vertebrae (S1 does not fuse) |
|
|
What are the two layers of intervertebral discs?
|
1. Anulus fibrosus - outer layer composed of fibrocartilage
2. Nucleus pulposus - inner gelatinous layer, dries out with age |
|
|
What is spondylolysis?
|
Defect of the pars interarticularis, scotty dog fracture
|
|
|
What is spondylolisthesis?
|
Superior vertebrae slips forward from its normal position
|
|
|
If you have spondylolysis will you have spondylolisthesis?
|
Yes, but the opposite is not necessarily true
|
|
|
What are zygapophyseal (facets) joints formed by?
|
Superior and inferior articular process form them
|
|
|
What do zygapophyseal joints determine?
|
Primary direction of movement
|
|
|
What are three types of zygapophyseal joints?
|
Cervical (in horizontal plane for rotation), thoracic (in coronal plane, for lateral flexion), lumbar (sagittal plane, for flexion/extension)
|
|
|
What are the 6 vertebral ligaments?
|
ISLAPI
Interspinus Suprasinus Ligamentum flavum Anterior longitudinal Posterior longitudinal Intertransverse |
|
|
What does the epidural space contain?
|
fat and a venous plexus
|
|
|
What is the dura mater? what does it terminate as?
|
tough outer covering; terminates into a filament at S2 as the filum terminale externum which is attached to the coccys
|
|
|
Where does the spinal cord end in infants? in adults?
|
Infants = L3
Adults = L1,2 |
|
|
What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?
|
Cervical and lumbar
|
|
|
How many paired spinal nerve roots are there?
How many in Cervical in Thoracic? in Lumbar, in Sacral, in coccygeal? |
31 total,
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
|
|
What is the conus medullaris? where is it?
|
cone shaped termination of the spinal cord at T12
|
|
|
What is the cauda equina?
|
collection of ventral and dorsal roots from the lumbar and sacral spinal cord descending within the spinal canal prior to exiting the canal as spinal nerves
|
|
|
What does the anterior spinal artery arise from, where does it lie, and what does it supply, how many anterior arteries are there?
|
Arise: verebral aa. with contributions from 5th & 10th intercostal aa. Lies in median fissure, anterior 2/3 of spinal cord, 1
|
|
|
What does the posterior spinal arteries supply and how many are there?
|
posterior 1/3 of spinal cord and dorsal roots, 2
|
|
|
What are the anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries derived from, how do they enter the spinal canal, and what do they do?
|
1. Spinal branches of multiple vessels
2. intervertebral foramen 3. Reinforces circulation in the spinal cord |
|
|
What is the artery of Adamkiewicz?
|
The largest and most important of the segmental arteries and enters the spinal canal on the left side in the lower thoracic or upper lumbar level.
|
|
|
What does the radicular artery come from?
|
spinal arteries that break into neural branches that divide into radicular arteries
|
|
|
How many spinal veins are there and where do they drain to?
|
3 anterior and 3 posterior
drain into internal and external venous plexus |
|
|
What are the internal and external venous plexus named?
|
Batson's plexus
|
|
|
What does Batson's plexus do?
|
surrounds each vertebra and anastomoses with the spinal veins as well as pelvic veins.
|
|
|
What is different about the veins of the Batson's plexus and why is this concerning?
|
They are valveless which provides a potential pathway for spread of pelvic malignancies or infections to the spinal cord and vertebral column
|
|
|
What is spondylolysis?
|
Fracture between the superior and inferior articular facets, Scotty Dog
|
|
|
What is spondylolisthesis?
|
Displacement of the superior vertebrae upon the inferior vertebrae
|
|
|
What is a herniated nucleus pulposus?
|
Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through tears of the inner portion of the annulus fibrosis creating pressure on a spinal nerve by compressing it against the lamina
|
|
|
Where should you perform a lumbar puncture in adults? in infants?
|
adults - below L3 b/c spinal cord ends by L2 in adults
Infants - inferior to L4 b/c spinal cord extends further |
|
|
What layers does a lumbar puncture go through?
|
skin - fat - supraspinous ligament - interspinous liguament - ligamentum flavum- epidural fat and veins - dura mater - arachnoid mater for CSF. for epidural just above the arachnoid mater
|
