Decisions, Judgments, And Reasoning

Front 1

Former for formal logic and reasoning?

Back 1

- Syllogism:
a three-statement logical form, with the first two parts stating the premises taken to be true, and the third part stating a conclusion based on those premises.

- Conditional Reasoning:
logical determination of wether the evidence supports, refutes, or is irrelevant to the if-then relationship.

Front 2

Confirmation bias (under serach errors)

Back 2

- at man bevidst leder efter positive beviser på det som man er overbevist om

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mental related errors

Back 3

- mental representations of meanings of the term in reasoning problems

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just noticeable difference (jnd)

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the amount of change needed for people to detect the change

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Distance / discriminiability effect

Back 5

the greater the distance or difference between two stimuli being compared, the faster the decision that they differ

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semantic congruity effect

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it states that a person's decision is faster when the dimension being judged matches or is congruent with the implied semantic dimension in the figure

Front 7

SNARC effect

Back 7

judgments about smaller numbers were made more quickly with the left hand, and judgments about larger numbers were made more quickly with the right hand

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algorithm

Back 8

is a specific rule or solution procedure, often detailed and complex, that is guaranteed to furnish the correct answer if it is followed correctly; for example, a formula.

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heuristic

Back 9

strategy or approach that worlds under some circumstances

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representativeness heuristic

Back 10

is a judgment rule in which an estimate of the probability or likelihood of an event is determined by one of two features, how similar the event is to the population of events it came from or wether the event seems similar to the process that produced it

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availability heuristic

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When people have to make estimates of likelihood, their estimate are influenced by the ease with which relevant examples can be remembered

-- eg.: if your only source of knowledge is the friend's opinion, the availability heuristic has biased your judgment.

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familiarity bias

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jidging events as more frequent or important because they are more familiar in memory

Front 13

faktoren "salience or vividness"

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eks.: når mennesker eks. ikke kender de rigtige tal for fly ulykker kontra bilulykker > de ser medier > flystyrt > tror at risikoen for at flyve er større end at køre i bil.

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simulation heuristic

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involves a mental construction or imagining of outcomes, a forecasting of how some event will turn out or how it might have turned out under another set of circumstances

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counterfactual reasoning

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when a line of reasoning deliberately contradicts the facts in a "what if" kind of way

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downhill change

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when we alter an unusual story element, substituting a more typical or normal element in its place.

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Hindsight bias

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the after-the-fact judgment that some event was very likely to happen or was very predictable, even though it wasn't predicted to happen beforehand.

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satificing heuristic

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states that we settle for finding a satisfactory way to make a decision by taking the first solution that satisfies some criterion we may have

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recigbutuib heuristic

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where you base a decision on wether you recognize the thing to be judged

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"take the best" heuristic

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you decide between alternatives based on the first useful information you find.

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conjunction fallacy

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the mistaken belief that a compound outcome of two characteristics is more likely than either one of the characteristics by itself.

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naive physics

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people's conceptions of the physical world, in particular, their understanding of the principles of motion.