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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bonds of attachment
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All human beings form attachments and bonding occurs w/in the first days of birth and continues through life
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Disruption of the Bonds of Attachment
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Loss of attachments (death, separation) can cause pain and result in the need to grieve.
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Grieving (Crenshaw)
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an intellectual processes that gradually lessens the psychological bond to the decreased loved one, enabling the bereaved to accept the loss and move forward.
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The way someone reacts to a loss is dependent on 3 factors
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Developmental factors
timing and circumstances of death pre-existing personality of the griever. |
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TAsks of Grieving
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Acknowledge the Reality of the loss
Identify and express the emotions of grief Commemoration the loss Letting Go Moving on |
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Acknowledge the Reality of the loss
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This can be very painful, especially if it is sudden tragic or unpredicted.
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Identify and Express the Emotions of Grief
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All individuals need to express intense emotions. Could have anger toward loved one, yet feel the need to focus on things that were shared. SW'er must create a comfortable working relationship where client can trust to share feelings. IN time a realistic balance should be reached.
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Commemorating the loss
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Rituals in honoring and laying those to rest differ among customs but is highly suggested for facilitating the grieving process.
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Letting Go
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From an intellectual perspective the individuals has acknowledged the loss. Realization and acceptance on an emotional level takes longer. In order for the individual to emotionally let go the other steps must be mastered.
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Moving ON
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begin to move forward and focus thought son the present and future rather than the past.
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Stages of Death and Dying (Kubler-Ross)
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All individual so thru stages. May overlap or be experienced in any order. May have a harder time w/ one stage vs another:
Denial and Isolation;Anger & Depression, Bargaining; Acceptance |
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Denial and Isolation
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often cannot accept death has occurred
may withdraw from others limiting the amount of support they receive. |
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Anger and depression
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Anger is one of the easiest emotions to express and is often experienced as part of the grieving process.
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Bargaining
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Ask Why and what can be done to make it different.
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Acceptance
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Time does not heal but it often helps to dull the urgency of having to face the pain necessary for effective grieving.
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Unresolved grief
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person is at risk for developing delayed or distorted grief reactions. Acute symptoms: headaches, tearfulness, unsettling feelings
Most acute symptoms of loss or grieve resolve in approximately 6 months. In some cases symptoms have been known to last up to 1 year. If over a year, SW'er should consider pathological or complicated bereavement. |
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Suicide
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Human act of self-inflicted self intentional cessation. The wish to be dead and the act that carries out the wish.
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Suicide ideation
Suicide intent Suicide verbalization para-suicide |
thinking about suicide
having a concrete plan talking about suicide attempting suicide |
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Theories of Suicide
Durkeim Freud Learning theorists |
directly related to societal control
representative of an internal struggle where a person is pulled in opposite directions at he same time. wants to live and die; function of past responses in similar situations, reinforcement, environment and motivating factors |
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Typical suicidal Person
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No such thing. Can involve all ages, race intelligence. 33% of all malpractice lawsuits are filed against person who cared for the suicidal individual. Suicidal clients view themselves a hopeless and helpless. Rarely a spontaneous activity. usually accumulation of problems over time. Usually a great deal of ambivalence. Direction is often needed.
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Suicidal Crisis usually involves 2 people. 2 questions
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Suicidal person & Significant other.
Which person would be most dramatically affected by your death? IF you were going to write a suicide note, to whom would you address it? |
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Signs and symptoms of Suicide
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Changes in eating and sleeping; grades, job status, love relationships; friends and social programs; usual daily activities
Increase in drug alcohol use unshakable depression neglected appearance or hygiene giving away of material possessions |
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Methods of intervention: Suicide
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Use common sense and TLC in assessing
Direct questions to identify the stressors being experienced; Identify signigican others, crucial to support system breadk the isolation factor get help and know you limitations Do a no-harm/no-risk contract w/ client. to call a hot line This is done in writing and not considered a legal document |
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Incest victims
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more frequently females
females before age 14 females abused within family; males outside of family Defense mechanism: DENIAL Males have harder time verbalizing, acknowledging the abuse or seeking treatment |
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Incidence and type of abuse
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abuser is often someone known to the child; generally family member;
usually repeated and progressive Patterns of transmission across generations. Boys in particular tend to perpetuate abuse in adolescence and adulthood Within family - 4 years; outside family - short-term; incest by blood relative seems to be most serious 40% of sexual abuse victims are so troubled they require treatment. |
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Traits and characteristics of incestuous families
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Collective denial and shared secrets; may include alcohol and other additions.
Deceased, missing or part-time parents. Social isolation. Role confusion. child is triangulated into the parent's marriage. Overly moralistic w/ intolerant religious beliefs. Little touching or shows of affection. |
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Definition of Incest that constitutes Abuse
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a child of any age that is exploited by an older person. This exploitation is for the person's won gratification while disregarding the child's won developmental immaturity and inability to understand the sexual behavior.
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Similarities between incest and rape
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sexual victimization.
use fo a power relationship over the victim. generally involve perpetrators that are known to the victim. |
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Differences between incest and rape
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Duration of sexual activity over time. Use of coercion as opposed to physical force.
Incest - the child often does not resist because of the power position the adult assumes. |
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Signs of Sexual abuse
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Inappropriate interest in or knolwdge of sexual acts, suductiveness, avoidance if things related to sexuality, or refection of own genitals or bodies, night maires and bed wetting.drastic changes in appetite. Over compliance ot excessive aggressions. Fear of person or family member. withdrawal, depression suicidal behavior eating disorders
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Preschool: healthy and common sexual behaviors
0-5 |
Sexual language relating ot differenct body parts, bathroom talk pregnancy and birth. Masturbation at home and in public showing and looking at probate body parts.
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Preschool uncommon
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discussion of sexual acts. Contact experiences w/ other children
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School age 6-12 Common
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Questions about menstruation, pregnancy and sexual behavior. Experimenting w/ same age children inclding kissing, fondling, exhibitionism and role playing. Masturbation
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School Age Uncommon 6-12
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Use of sexual words and discussing sexual acts.
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Adolescence
Common 13 - 16 |
Questions about decision-making, social relationships and sexual customs, Masturbation in private. experimenting betwwn adolescents of the same age including open mouth kissing fondling and body rubbing. voyeuristic behaviors. Sexual intercourse occurs in approximately 1/3 of this age group.
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Treatment of child sexual abuse
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victims feel at fault or to blame. Denial is used to control anxious feelings. Doubt and shame of what their role was. Powerlessness to help or change things. Sexual adjustment problems can occur in the future. Humility and stigma. Realization that incest victim is not at fault and dealing w/ feelings of ambivalence. Resonsibility for committing the act is placed on perpetrator w/ victim protection.
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Child abuse and neglect
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Average age of the bused child is 7.4 yrs old. More female abusers than males. Most abuse done by parents. Mandated reporting of child maltreatment: Public law 93-247.criminal charges may be brought against person who doesn't report abuse
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Child sexual maltreatment includes
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child exploitation, rape, intercourse, molsestation
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Deprivation of necessities
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neglecting to provide child nourishment, clothing, shelter, health care education, supervision or cousing Failure to thrive
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child abuse and poverty
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Poverty clearly predisposes to child abuse. Income is strongly related to incidence rates.
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Theories of Causation of Domestic violence
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Sociological and cultural influences of a patriarchal social structure that fosters mail dominance
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Psycological components of the abuser
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poor impulse control, poor frustration/aggression tolerance, alcohole or drug influence and learned interpersonal behaviors of violence through role modeling
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Domestic abuse
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Can be anyone. great deal of mutual abuse. Severity tends to increase over time. Rarely occurs only once. Frequency tends to increase over time. Emotional abuse as a start, but emotional and physical abuse usually happen together. Many abusers gew up in an abusive home.
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Cycle of abuse in domestic violence
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Incident: the abuse occurs
Tensioin building: Abuser starts to get angry, victim feel like they are walking on egg shells making up: Abuser apolozies. promises never to do it again, may blame victim for causing abuse. Calm:Abuser acts like in never happened. Gifts. |
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Domestic abuse
cycles |
Each stage last a different amount of time in a relationship. cycle can take a few hours or a year to complete. Not all domestic violenc relationships fit the cycle. Often as time goes on, the making up and calm stages disappear.
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Abuse
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Outside the normally accepted standard in a given population.
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Addiction
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the preoccupation w/ the acquisition of a drug and the compulsive use of a drug. THis behavior occurs in spite of adverse consequences. results in loss of control.
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Tolerance
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Normal adaption of the body to the presence of a drug. the effect of a drug diminishes or increasing amounts of a drug are needed to maintian the same effect. Does not bear a significant relationship to abuse and addiction.
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Dependence
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hallmark of this is precipitation of withdrawal in the abstinent state . when drug is discontinued.
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Abortion
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fetus: attribution of personhood
Roe vs Wade: debate as to whether abourtion in the 1st trimester should be legal. |
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Adoption
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A legal family for children when birth family is unable or unwilling to parent
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Open Adoption
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the is a continuance of contact w/ the birth parents after the adoption
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Nontraditional adoptions
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allows for a bigger pool of possible parents, single, gay...
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Adult Foster Care (AFC)
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adult is placed in a typ o subsitute family setting for a planned period of time.
basic form of treatment is case managment. Found to be cost beneficial and benifical to the residents |
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AFC: origin
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Chatholic church
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Adult Protective services
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adult individuals who have bee neglected abused or victims of self-neglect. Considered a social service w/ medical and legal components and medical aspects.
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Elegibility for APS
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in danger of harming themselves or others or who can no longer have the capacity to act on their own behalf
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Community Organization
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Used to help redress the imbalance between the powerless adn the powerful. A request for change, reapportionment or restructuring. Well-establshed methodds for encouraging and promoting social change.
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4 Methods of linking community organization to the field of soical work.
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Service
Advocacy mobilizing organizing |
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Services
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helps to provide individuals w/ the basics that they need to survivie, subsist adn develop in society
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advocacy
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If large numbers of people in society are suffering, something is wrong w/ the society not the individual. Advocacy is done on the behalf of those who are affected by the policies and practices in quiestion.
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mobilizing
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the process of empowerment begins by helping individuals to stand up for themselves. This occurs in a relatively short time frame
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Organizing
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looks to build and establish more permanent community organizations that can address the needs of its members.
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Individuals w/ Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
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Amendments of 1997 were signed into law on June 4. This act strengthens academic expectations and accountability for the nations 5.8 million children w/ disabilities and bridges the gap that has too often existed between what children w/ disabilities learn and what is required in regular curriculum.
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PL 94-142
Education for all Handicapped Children Act 1975 |
required the educational system to provide services int eh "least restrictive environment to exceptional children
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PL 99-147
Education fo the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 |
required preschool services to be delivered to children w/ disabilities
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Hawkins-Stafford Elementary School and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1986
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Required the provision of preventive services to high-risk children and youth.
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Treating Handicapped individuals
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team aproachis always utilized. For each child,, the leam puts together an IEP (individual education plan) and the Parent or Guardian is critical in approving the plan.
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Primary Prevention
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Involves SIMULTANEOUSLY
Preventing: predictable problems in Individuals or population at risk Protecting: Maintaining current strengths, levels of health or health functioning Promoting: desired goals and enhancing human potential. |
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Primary Prevention
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before the problem starts: sex education in the grade schools. contraceptions, info on transmitted diseases
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Second prevention
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Once the eisease is there how to stope it from progressing or getting worse. SW'er most often work int ehis area of preventions. EX: weight reduction, smoking cessation
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Tertiary prevention
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once you have the disease and it is problematic, assist in rehabilitaion efforts and further problems. EX: stroke rehabilitatioin.
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Temporary assistance to needing families (TANF)
Replaces Aid to Families w/ dependent children (AFDC) |
1909 - conferecne on Care of Dependent Children - held to aid "worthy" mothers to care for their children.
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Mother's Pension: 1911-1935
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optimal implementation to deserving poor (white middle class widows)
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1935 Social Security Act
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launched a modern welfare state designed to strengthen family life and enable single mother sto stay at home emphasizing the traditional role of mothers.
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1950 AFDC grant
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included money for mothers too, not just children
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1981 Ombibus Budget Reconciliation Act
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Cut domestic programs
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AFDC
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existed in all 50 states adn was jointly funded and administered by the state and federal government. Each state set its own standards of need, benefit levels income levels and adminsitrative patterns. AFDC consists 2/3 of children recipients
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TANF
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specific time limts (5 year maximum benefit)
each state sets its own income eligibility rules drastically changed work requirements. |
