Dea Ii Exam I Flashcards

Front 1

this is a type of research that has as its goal a careful mapping of what and how many, not why or how

Back 1

descriptive research

Front 2

what are three major functions of descriptive research?

Back 2

(1) to provide the groundwork for studying complex behavior
(2) to raise questions that can be tested in relational or experimental studies
(3) to give fellow practitioners something concrete to which they can relate their own practice

Front 3

what are the three major types of descriptive research?

Back 3

(1) case study
(2) enumerative survey
(3) classification research

Front 4

this type of study is sometimes referred to as a biography; is an excellent metho for examining the behavior of a single individual in great detail

Back 4

case study

Front 5

what are four main uses of case studies?

Back 5

(1) to illustrate some form of behavior by protypical example
(2) to demonstrate important methods or procedures
(3) to provide a detailed account of rare or unusual phenomenon
(4) as a source of hypotheses for future studies

Front 6

what are four possible problems with case studies?

Back 6

(1) bias
(2) lack of experimental control
(3) potentially poor generalizability
(4) weak evidence

Front 7

what are two strengths of case studies?

Back 7

(1) it only takes one case to break a rule or demonstrate a weakness in a theory
(2) case studies are most easily recognizable by clinicians as relevant to clinical practice

Front 8

this type of study is used for quantification of disease occurrence, specification of incidence, or specification of prevalence

Back 8

enumerative survey

Front 9

what are three possible problems with enumerative surveys?

Back 9

(1) identification of individuals with disease
(2) representativeness
(3) cannot be used to make valid causal inferences

Front 10

what is a strength of enumerative surveys?

Back 10

it is a valuable source of information for making judgments regarding diagnoses or policies related to staffing and other management issues

Front 11

this type of studies are useful in determining ways in which people may be grouped in meaningful ways and developing and testing sets of categories for use in clinical practice

Back 11

classification research

Front 12

what are two possible uses for classification research?

Back 12

(1) optimizing management of patient conditions
(2) assisting in management decisions regarding allocation of resources

Front 13

what are four possible problems of conducting classification research?

Back 13

(1) large numbers of subjects are needed
(2) measurement techniques must be valid and reliable
(3) gold standards are needed to test sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests
(4) theory should guide research, but the theory may not be well developed or may be controversial

Front 14

what are two strengths of classification research?

Back 14

(1) should facilitate efficacy research
(2) should make judgments regarding therapy more reliable and predictable

Front 15

what are three sources of data in descriptive research?

Back 15

(1) observations by individual investigators
(2) patient self-report surveys/interviews
(3) secondary records/records made by others

Front 16

what are three logical requirements of measurement?

Back 16

(1) well-defined measurement scales with mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
(2) operational definitions
(3) validity and reliability

Front 17

this measure insures that results are applicable to individuals of importance, need to pay particular attention to inclusion and exclusion criteria

Back 17

representativeness

Front 18

what are the 6 main types of statistics used in descriptive research?

Back 18

(1) sums
(2) quotients, ratios, percentages
(3) ranks, percentiles
(4) rates
(5) measures of central tendency
(6) measures of dispersion

Front 19

this is a proces in which one poses an important answerable question and then systematically answers it in convincing ways

Back 19

research

Front 20

this fully describes the details of a study, including the conditions surrounding it, and ways in which subjects are selected, ways in which confounding variables and other factors will be controlled

Back 20

research design

Front 21

asks the question whether it is true if the independent variable caused a difference in the dependent variable

Back 21

internal validity

Front 22

asks the question whether it is safe to generalize the results to the population of interest

Back 22

external validity

Front 23

this is a measure of dispersion that reflects the deviations of individual scores from the group mean

Back 23

variance

Front 24

this type of variance is observed consistent variation in the dependent variable that is directly related to the independent variable

Back 24

primary variance/effect

Front 25

this type of variance is the observed consistent variation in the dependent variable that is directly related to factors other than the independent variable

Back 25

secondary variance/bias

Front 26

this type of variance is the random, inconsistent variance in the dependent variable related to factors other than the independent variable

Back 26

error variance/within group variation/random error

Front 27

what type of variance do we want to maximize?

Back 27

primary

Front 28

what type of variance do we want to minimize?

Back 28

error

Front 29

what type of variance do we want to control?

Back 29

secondary

Front 30

what are two techniques for maximizing primary variance?

Back 30

(1) selecting extreme values
(2) selecting several values

Front 31

what are four possible sources of error variance?

Back 31

(1) inconsistent experimental procedures
(2) inappropriate measuring device
(3) inconsistent application of independent variable
(4) individual differences

Front 32

what are some possible sources of secondary variance?

Back 32

instrument decay, history, maturation, testing, statistical regression, differential attrition, selection bias, diffusion, compensatory equalization, compensatory rivalry, or resentful demoralization

Front 33

this is the primary technique for controlling most sources of secondary variance; the underlying assumption is that in the long run, it will result in equivalent, homogeneous groups that are truly representative of the population

Back 33

randomization

Front 34

what are two fundamental requirements of randomization?

Back 34

(1) all members of a population have an equal chance of being included in the sample
(2) selection of one subject has no bearing on selection of another subject (Statistical independence)

Front 35

this type of random sampling involves subdividing the population into strata based on characteristics and then use probability sampling

Back 35

stratified random sampling

Front 36

this type of randomization is defining the population of interest and then using probability sampling technique

Back 36

free random sampling

Front 37

this type of random sampling involves successive random sampling using probability sampling techniques

Back 37

cluster sampling

Front 38

refers to systematic changes in a measuring devices characteristics over time

Back 38

instrument decay

Front 39

refers to those environmental events other than the independent variable that occur between the first and second testing

Back 39

history

Front 40

any systematic changes in an organism's biological or psychological condition over time

Back 40

maturation

Front 41

refers to the possible effects on an individual's score for a second test of a previous test

Back 41

testing

Front 42

refers to the fact that, with unreliable measures, extreme scores in a particular distribution will tend to move (regress) toward the mean of the distribution as a function of repeated testing

Back 42

statistical regression

Front 43

refers to differential loss of subjects from groups within the study

Back 43

differential attrition

Front 44

refers to any systematic differences other than those caused by the independent variable that are present when subjects are selected for comparison groups

Back 44

selection bias

Front 45

spread of treatment effects from treated to untreated groups

Back 45

diffusion

Front 46

when untreated subjects learn of the treatment received by others and demend the same treatment or something equally as good

Back 46

compensatory equalization

Front 47

when untreated subjects learn of the treatment received by others and work extra hard to see that the expected superiority of the treatment group is not demonstrated

Back 47

compensatory rivalry

Front 48

when subjects in untreated group learn that other groups are receiving special treatment and become less productive, efficient, and motivated because of feelings of resentment

Back 48

resentful demoralization

Front 49

complete randomization includes what two things?

Back 49

random selection and random assignment