De Blij Chapter 9

Front 1

Central Business District

Back 1

The downtown heart of a central city, the _______________ is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings.

Front 2

Synekism

Back 2

A concept in urban studies coined by Edward Soja. It refers to the dynamic formation of the polis state - the union of several small urban settlements under the rule of a "capital" city. ...

Front 3

Urban

Back 3

The entire built up, non-rural area and its population including the most recently constructed suburban appendages.

Front 4

City

Back 4

conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

Front 5

Agricultural Village

Back 5

A relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend their crops.

Front 6

Agricultural Surplus

Back 6

One of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her family and which is then sold for consumption by others

Front 7

Social Stratification

Back 7

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Front 8

Leadership Class

Back 8

Group of decision-makers and organizers in early cities who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others

Front 9

First Urban Revoltion

Back 9

The innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five separate hearths.

Front 10

Mesopotami

Back 10

Region of great cities (e.g. Ur and Babylon) located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; chronologically the first urban hearth, dating to 3500 BC, and which was founded in the fertile crescent

Front 11

Nile River Valley

Back 11

Chronologically the second urban hearth, dating to 3200 BCE

Front 12

Indus River Valley

Back 12

Chronologically the third urban hearth, dating to 2200 BCE.

Front 13

Huang He and Wei River Valleys

Back 13

Rivers in present-day China; it was at the confluence of the Huang He and Wei rivers where chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE.

Front 14

Mesoamerica

Back 14

Chronologically the fifth urban hearth, dating to 200 BC. Located in modern day Mexico.

Front 15

Peru

Back 15

The sixth urban hearth, chronologicallyThe Chavin built cities in Peru dating to 900 BC

Front 16

Secondary Hearth

Back 16

An early adopter of a cultural practice or trait that becomes a central locale from which the practice or trait further diffuses

Front 17

Acropolis

Back 17

An "High Point of the City"; a common feature of ancient Greek cities; an elevated site for religious observances.

Front 18

Agora

Back 18

In ancient Greece, public places where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized, and traded

Front 19

Site

Back 19

The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting.

Front 20

Situation

Back 20

The external location attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal places.

Front 21

Urban Morophology

Back 21

the study of the physical form and structure of urban places

Front 22

Functional Zonation

Back 22

The division of a city into different regions or zones (residential or industrial) for certain purposes or functions (housing or manufacturing)

Front 23

Forum

Back 23

The focal point of ancient Roman life combining the functions of the ancient Greek acropolis and agora

Front 24

Trade Area

Back 24

Region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant

Front 25

Rank Size Rule

Back 25

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to it's rank in the hierarchy.

Front 26

Primate City

Back 26

A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.

Front 27

Central Place Theory

Back 27

Explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

Front 28

Sun Belt Phenomenon

Back 28

The movement of millions of Americans from northern and Northeastern States to the South and Southwest regions(Sunbelt) of the United States.

Front 29

Zone

Back 29

Area of a city with a relatively uniform land use (e.g. an industrial zonation, or a residential zone).

Front 30

Central City

Back 30

The urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs.

Front 31

Suburb

Back 31

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.

Front 32

Suburbanization

Back 32

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

Front 33

Concentric Zone Model

Back 33

A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center.

Front 34

Concentric Zone Model

Back 34

A term introduced by American journalist Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the united states away from the central business district (CBD) toward the loci of economic activity at the urban fringe (extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, modern buildings, less than 30 years old)

Front 35

Megacities

Back 35

Cities with 10 million or more residents

Front 36

Griffin-Ford Model

Back 36

A model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene.

Front 37

Shantytowns

Back 37

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

Front 38

Disamenity Secto

Back 38

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

Front 39

McGee Model

Back 39

A model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia.

Front 40

Zoning Laws

Back 40

Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use

Front 41

Redlining

Back 41

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.

Front 42

Blockbusting

Back 42

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting out migration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties.

Front 43

Commercialization

Back 43

The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

Front 44

Gentrification

Back 44

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents

Front 45

Teardowns

Back 45

Houses that new owners bought with the intention of demolishing them down to build larger homes

Front 46

McMansions

Back 46

Homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs.

Front 47

Urban Sprawl

Back 47

Unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

Front 48

New Urbanism

Back 48

Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

Front 49

Gated Communities

Back 49

Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America __________ are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon.

Front 50

Informal Economy

Back 50

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

Front 51

World City

Back 51

Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.

Front 52

Spaces of Consumption

Back 52

Areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services' driven primarily by the global media industry.