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172 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
a glass enclosure with a relatively flat face (screen) and a vacuum inside that will display the light generated from the bombardment of the screen by electrons
CGS system
the system of units employing the Centimeter, Gram, and Second as its fundamental units of measure
Difference engine
one of the first mechanical calculators
Edison effect
Establishing a flow of charge between two elements in an evacuated tube
Electromagnetism
the relationship between magnetic and electrical effects
Engineering notation
a method of notation that specifies that all powers of ten used to define a number be multiples of 3 with a mantissa greater than or equal to 1 but less than 1000
mantissa
2.The part of a floating-point number that represents the significant digits of that number, and that is multiplied by the base raised to the exponent to give the actual value of the number
ENIAC
the first totally electronic computer
Fixed-point notation
notation using a decimal point in a particular location to define the magnitude of the number
Fleming's valve
the first of the electronic devicees, the diode
Floating-point notation
notation that allows the magnitude of a number to define where the decimal point should be placed
Integrated Circuit (IC)
A subminiature structure containing a vast number of electronic devices designed to perform a particular set of functions
Joule (J)
a unit of measurement for energy in the SI or MKS system, equal to 0.7378 foot-pound in the English system and 10^7 ergs in the CGS system
Kelvin (K)
a unit of measurement for temperature in the SI system, equal to 273.15+degrees Celsius in the MKS and CGS systems
Kilogram (kg)
a unit of measure for mass in the SI and MKS systems, equal to 1000 grams in the CGS system
Language
a communication link between user and computer to define the operations to be performed and the results to be displayed or printed
Leyden jar
one of the first charge-storage devices
Menu
a computer-generated list of choices for the user to determine the next operation to be performed
Meter (m)
a unit of measure for length in the SI and MKS systems, equal to 1.094 yards in the English system and 100 centimeters in the CGS system
MKS system
the system of units employing the Meter, Kilogram and Second as its fundamental units of measure
Nanotechnology
The production of integrated circuits in which the nanometer is the typical unit of measurement
Newton (N)
a unit of measurement for force in the SI and MKS systems, equal to 100,000 dynes in the CGS system
Pound (lb)
a unit of measurement for force in the English system, equal to 4.45 newtons in the SI or MKS system
Program
a sequential list of commands, instructions, and so on, to perform a specified task using a computer
Scientific notation
a method for describing very large and very small numbers through the use of powers of ten, which requires the multiplier be a number between 1 and 10
Second (s)
a unit of measurement for time in the SI, MKS, English, and CGS systems
SI system
the system of units adopted by the IEEE in 1965 and the USASI in 1967 as the International System of Units
Slug
a unit of measure for mass in the English system, equal to 14.6 kilograms in the SI or MKS system
Software package
a computer program designed to perform specific analysis and design operations or generate results in a particular format
Static electricity
Stationary charge in a state of equilibrium
Transistor
the first semiconductor amplifier
Voltaic cell
a storage device that converts chemical to electrical energy
Ammeter
an instrument designed to read the current through elements in series with the meter
Ampere (A)
The SI unit of measurement applied to the flow of charge through a conductor
Ampere-hour (Ah) rating
the rating applied to a source of energy that will reveal how long a particular level of current can be drawn from that source
Cell
a fundamental source of electrical energy developed through the conversion of chemical or solar energy
Conductors
materials that permit a generous flow of electrons with very little voltage applied
Copper
a material possessing physical properties that make it particularly useful as a conductor of electricity
Coulomb (C)
The fundamental SI unit of measure for charge, equal to the charge carried by 6.242x10^18 electrons
Coulomb's law
an equation defining the force of attraction or repulsion between two charges
Current
the flow of charge resulting from the application of a difference in potential between two points in an electrical system
dc current source
a source that will provide a fixed current level even though the load to which it is applied may cause its terminal voltage to change
dc generator
a source of dc voltage available through the turning of the shaft of the device by some external means
Direct current (dc)
current having a single direction (unidirectional) and a fixed magnitude over time
Electrolysis
the process of passing a current through an electrolyte to break it down into its fundamental components
Electrolytes
the contact element and the source of ions between the electrodes of the battery
dc generator
a source of dc voltage available through the turning of the shaft of the device by some external means
Electron
the particle with negative polarity that orbits the nucleus of an atom
Direct current (dc)
current having a single direction (unidirectional) and a fixed magnitude over time
Free electron
an electron unassociated with any particular atom, relatively free to move through a crystal lattice structure under the influence of external forces
Electrolysis
the process of passing a current through an electrolyte to break it down into its fundamental components
Fuel cell
a nonpolluting source of energy that can establish current through a load by simply applying the correct levels of hydrogen and oxygen
Electrolytes
the contact element and the source of ions between the electrodes of the battery
Insulators
materials in which a very high voltage must be applied to produce any measurable current flow
Electron
the particle with negative polarity that orbits the nucleus of an atom
Neutron
the particle having no electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom
Free electron
an electron unassociated with any particular atom, relatively free to move through a crystal lattice structure under the influence of external forces
Nucleus
the structural center of an atom that contains both protons and neutrons
Fuel cell
a nonpolluting source of energy that can establish current through a load by simply applying the correct levels of hydrogen and oxygen
Insulators
materials in which a very high voltage must be applied to produce any measurable current flow
Neutron
the particle having no electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom
Nucleus
the structural center of an atom that contains both protons and neutrons
Positive ion
an atom having a net positive charge due to the loss of one of its negatively charged electrons
Potential difference
the algebraic difference in potential (or voltage) between two points in an electrical system
Potential energy
the energy that a mass possesses by virtue of its position
Primary cell
sources of voltage that cannot be recharged
Proton
the particle of positive polarity found in the nucleus of an atom
Rectification
the process by which an ac signal is converted to one that has an average dc level
Secondary cell
sources of voltage that can be recharged
Semiconductor
a material having a conductance value between that of an insulator and that of a conductor; of significant importance in the manufacture of electronic devices
Solar cell
sources of voltage available through the conversion of light energy (photons) into electrical energy
Specific gravity
the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees Celsius
Volt (V)
the unit of measurement applied to the difference of potential between 2 points; if one joule of energy is required to move 1 coulomb of charge between two points, the difference in potential is said to be 1 volt
Voltage
the term applied to the difference in potential between two points as established by a separation of opposite charges
Voltmeter
an instrument designed to read the voltage across an element or between any two points in a network
Absolute zero
the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases, -273.15 degrees Celsius
Circular mil (CM)
the cross-sectional area of a wire having a diameter of one mil
Color coding
a technique using bands of color to indicate the resistance levels and tolerance of resistors
Conductance (G)
An indication of the relative ease with which current can be established in a material, measured in siemens (S)
Cooper effect
the "pairing" of electrons as they travel through a medium
Ductility
the property of a material that allows it to be drawn into long, thin wires
Inferred absolute temperature
the temperature through which a straight-line approximation for the actual resistance-versus-temperature curve intersects the temperature axis
Malleability
the property of a meterial that allows it to be worked into many different shapes
Memristor
Resistor whose resistance is a function of the current through it; capable of remembering and retaining its last resistance value
Negative temperature coefficient of resistance
the value revealing that the resistance of a material will decrease with an increase in temperature
Ohm
the unit of measurement applied to resistance
Ohmmeter
an instrument for measuring resistance levels
Photoconductive cell
a two-terminal semiconductor device whose terminal resistance is determined by the intensity of the incident light on its exposed surface
Positive temperature coefficient of resistance
the value revealing that the resistance of a material will increase with an increase in temperature
Potentiometer
a three-terminal device through which potential levels can be varied in a linear or nonlinear manner
PPM/degree Celsius
temperature sensitivity of a resistor in parts per million per degree Celsius
Resistance
a measure of the opposition to the flow of charge through a material
Resistivity (p)
a constant of proportionality between the resistance of a material and its physical dimensions
Rheostat
an element whose terminal resistance can be varied in a linear and nonlinear manner
Sheet resistance
defined by p/d for thin-film and integrated circuit design
Superconductor
conductors of electric charge that for all practical purposes zero ohms
Thermistor
a two-terminal semiconductor device whose resistance is temperature sensitive
Varistor
a voltage-dependent, nonlinear resistor used to supress high-voltage transients
Circuit breaker
a two-terminal device designed to ensure that current levels do not exceed safe levels; if "tripped", it can reset with a switch or a reset button
Diode
a semiconductor device whose behavior is much like that of a simple switch; that is, it will pass current ideally in only one direction when operating within specified limits
Efficiency (n)
a ratio of output to input power that provides immediate information about the energy-converting characteristics of a system
Energy (W)
a quantity whose change in state is determined by the rate of conversion (P) and the period involved (t), measured in joules (J) or wattseconds (Ws)
Fuse
a two-terminal device whose sole purpose is to ensure that current levels in a circuit do not exceed safe levels
Horsepower (hp)
equivalent to 746 watts in the electrical system
Kilowatthour meter
an instrument for measuring kilowatthours of energy supplied to a residential or commercial user of electricity
Ohm's law
an equation that establishes a relationship among the current, voltage and resistance of an electrical system
Power
an indication of how much work can be done in a specified amount of time; a rate of doing work, measured in joules/second (J/s) or watts (W)
Circuit
a combination of a number of elements joined at terminal points providing at least one closed path through which charge can flow
Closed loop
any continuous connection of branches that allows tracing a path that leaves a point in one direction and returns to that same point from another direction without leaving the circuit
Internal resistance
the inherent resistance found internal to any source of energy
Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
the algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around a closed loop (or path) is zero
Protoboard (breadboard)
a flat board with a set pattern of conductively connected holes designed to accept 24-gage wire and components with leads of about the same diameter
Series circuit
a circuit configuration in which the elements have only one point in common and each terminal is not connected to a third, current-carrying element
Two-terminal device
any element or component with two external terminals for connection to a network configuration
Voltage divider rule (VDR)
a method by which a voltage in a series circuit can be determined without first calculating the current in the circuit
Voltage regulation (VR)
A value, given as a percent, that provides an indication of the change in terminal voltage of a supply with a change in load demand
Current divider rule (CDR)
a method by which the current through parallel elements can be determined without first finding the voltage across those parallel elements
Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
the algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving a node is zero
Node
a junction of two or more branches
Ohm/volt rating
a rating used to determine both the current sensitivity of the movement and the internal resistance of the meter
Open circuit
the absence of a direct connection between two points in a network
Parallel circuit
a circuit configuration in which the elements have two points in common
Short circuit
a direct connection of low resistance value that can significantly alter the behavior of an element or system
Complex configuration
a network in which none of the elements are in series or parallel
Iron-vane
a movement operating on the principle that there is repulsiuon between the magnetic poles, where the two poles are vanes inside of a fixed coil; one vane is fixed and the other movable with an attached pointer; the higher the applied current, the greater is the deflection of the movable vane and the greater is the deflection of the pointer
Ladder network
a network that consists of a cascaded set of series-parallel combinations and has the appearance of a ladder
Megohmmeter
an instrument for measuring very high resistance levels, such as in the megohm range
Series ohmmeter
a resistance-measuring instrument in which the movement is placed in series with the unknown resistance
Series-parallel network
a network consisting of a combination of both series and parallel branches
Transistor
a three-terminal semiconductor electronic device that can be used for amplification and switching purposes
Voltage divider supply
a series network that can provide a range of voltage levels for an application
Branch-current method
a technique for determining the branch currents of a multiloop network
Bridge network
a network configuration typically having a diamond appearance in which no two elements are in series or parallel
Current sources
sources that supply a fixed current to a network and have a terminal voltage dependent on the network to which they are applied
Delta, pi configuration
a network structure that consists of three branches and has the appearance of the Greek letter delta or pi
Determinants method
a mathematical technique for finding the unknown variables of two or more simultaneous linear equations
Mesh analysis
a technique for determining the mesh (loop) currents of a network that that results in a reduced set of equations compared to the branch-current method
Mesh (loop) current
a labeled current assigned to assigned to each distinct closed loop of a network that can, individually or in combination with other mesh currents, define all of the branch currents of a network
Nodal analysis
a technique for determing the nodal voltages of a network
Node
a junction of two or more branches in a network
Supermesh current
a current defined in a network with ideal current sources that permits the use of mesh analysis
Supernode
a node defined in a network with ideal voltage sources that permits the use of nodal analysis
Wye (Y), tee (T) configuration
a network structure that consists of three branches and has the appearance of the capital letter Y or T
Maximum power transfer theorem
a theorem used to determine the load resistance necessary to ensure maximum power transfer to the load
Millman's theorem
a method using source conversions that will permit the determination of unknown variables in a multiloop network
Norton's theorem
a theorem that permits the reduction of any two-terminal linear dc network to one having a single current source and parallel resistor
Reciprocity theorem
a theorem states that for single source networks, the current in any branch of a network due to a single voltage source in the network will equal the current through the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in the branch in which the current was originally measured
Substitution theorem
a theorem that states that if the voltage across and current through any branch of a dc bilateral network are known, the branch can be replaced by any combination of elements that will maintain the same voltage across and current through the chosen branch
Superposition theorem
a metwork theorem that permits considering the effects of each source independently; the resulting current and/or voltage is the algebraic sum of the currents and/or voltages developed by each source independently
Thevenin's theorem
a theorem that permits the reduction of any two-terminal, liner dc network to one having a single voltage source and series resistor
Average current
the current defined by a linear (straight line) change in voltage across a capacitor for a specified period of time
Breakdown voltage
another term for dielectric strength
Capacitance
a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge, measured in farads (F)
Capacitor
a fundamental electrical element having two conducting surfaces separated by an insulating material and having the capacity to store charge on its plates
Coulomb's law
an equation relating to the force between two like or unlike charges
Derivative
the instantaneous change in a quantity at a particular instant in time
Dielectric
the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor that can have a pronounced effect on the charge stored on the plates of a capacitor
Dielectric constant
another term for relative permittivity
Dielectric strength
an indication of the voltage required for unit length to establish conduction in a dielectric
Electric field strength
the force acting on a unit positive charge in the region of interest
Electric flux lines
lines drawn to indicate the the strength and direction of an electric field in a particular region
Fringing
an effect established by flux lines that do not pass directly from one conducting surface to another
Initial value
the steady-state voltage across a capacitor before a transient period begins
Leakage current
the current that results in the total discharge of a capacitor if the capacitor is disconnected from the charging network for a sufficient length of time
Maximum working voltage
that voltage level at which a capacitor can perform its function without concern about breakdown or change in characteristics
Permittivity
a measure of how well a dielectric permits the establishment of flux lines within the dielectric
Relative permittivity
the permittivity of a material compared to that of air
Steady-state region
a period of time defined by the fact that the voltage across a capacitor has reached a level that, for all practical purposes, remains constant
Stray capacitance
capacitances that exist not through design but simply because two conducting surfaces are relatively close to each other
Temperature coefficient
an indication of how much the capacitance value of a capacitor will change with change in temperature
Time constant
a period of time defined by the paramaters of the network that defines how long the transient behavior of the voltage or current of a capacitor will last
Transient period
that period of time where the voltage across a capacitor or the current of a capacitor will change in value at a rate determined by the time constant of the network