Day 7 Full Biology 30 Review

Front 1

Asexual reproduction in unicellular organismism is also called b__________ __________.

Back 1

binary fission.

You might also say mitosis.

Front 2

Examples of asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms would include

Back 2

cuttings in plants, root shoots or runners in plants, cutting up flatworms, buds on hydras or sponges, etc.

Front 3

The main advantage of sexual reproduction is

Back 3

variation in offspring.

Front 4

Some advantages of asexual reproduction are

Back 4

faster, less energy, no need to find compatible partner.

Front 5

The molecule that contains all the information on it that an organism needs to function is

Back 5

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Front 6

DNA is packaged into recognizable chunks or segments known as

Back 6

chromosomes.

Front 7

A specific region of DNA that encodes for an inheritable trait is known as a

Back 7

gene.

Front 8

All of a species genes taken together make up that species

Back 8

genome.

Front 9

In it's simplest form, mitosis starts with one cell and ends with

Back 9

two genetically identical daughter cells.

Front 10

In it's simplest form, meiosis starts with one cell and ends with

Back 10

four genetically reduced daughter cells.

The orginal must be diploid and the result will be haploid cells.

Front 11

The cell cycle has two main stages. They are

Back 11

interphase and cellular division (usually mitosis).

Front 12

Interphase of a cell can be further broken down into these sub stages

Back 12

Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2).

Perhaps G0 can be recognized too if a cell does not continue through to division.

Front 13

Some cellular activies that occur during interphase include:

Back 13

cell metabolism, such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate synthesis; cell organelle
synthesis, cellular respiration, growth of the cell, synthesis of new DNA; DNA replication

Front 14

The main activity of the cell during "S" phase is

Back 14

the doubling of it's DNA strands.

Front 15

A checkpoint in the cell cycle is a point where the cell cycle will

Back 15

stop and wait for key cellular processes to finish before advancing to the next stage in the cycle.

Front 16

There are _________ main check points in the cell cycle.

Back 16

three

Front 17

Give an environmental limit to cellular division.

Back 17

One of these:
density-depentent inhibition: high densities stop division.

or

anchorage dependence: cells must be anchored to a substrate to divide.

Front 18

Cancer cells are regular body cells that now

Back 18

ignore cell cycle check points, and do not exhibit anchorage dependence or density-dependent inhibition.

Front 19

If cancer cells leave the site of original tumor growth the tumor is called ___________ and this process of spreading is called ____________

Back 19

malignant

metastasis

Front 20

Radiation and chemotherapy work against cancer cells because these treatments target

Back 20

all actively dividing cells.

Front 21

During "S" phase, each chromosome is replicated and now contains two ________ ___________.

Back 21

sister chromatids.

Front 22

Sister chromatids are bound together by a

Back 22

centromere or kinetochore.

Front 23

The stages of mitosis given in order are:

Back 23

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and then Cytokinesis.

Front 24

Key events that happen in prophase of mitosis are:

Back 24

Nuclear membrane disappears
Chromosomes condense
Centrioles move to the poles (animal cell)
Spindle apparatus forms

Front 25

Metaphase of mitosis is easy to recognize because

Back 25

the chromosomes line up along the equitorial plate of the cell.

Front 26

During anaphase of mitosis the sister chromosomes are

Back 26

separated and pulled toward the poles.

Front 27

Some key events that occur during telophase of mitosis are:

Back 27

Chromosomes become less dense
New nuclear membrane begins to form

Front 28

The cytoplasmic event that immediately follows telophase is known as

Back 28

cytokinesis

Front 29

The start of cytokinesis in animal cells can be seen by the evidence of a

Back 29

cleavage furrow in the cell membrane

Front 30

The start of cytokinesis in plant cells can be seen by the evidence of a

Back 30

cell plate begining to form along the equitorial region of the cell.

Front 31

C

Back 31

The cell pictured in anaphase of mitosis is labeled

Front 32

E

Back 32

The cell pictured in late prophase of mitosis is labeled

Front 33

D

Back 33

The cell pictured in interphase is labeled

Front 34

Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that

Back 34

are the same size, shape, and gene assortment (the the genetic content may vary)

Front 35

The number of chromosome sets in an organism is known as it's ____________ ________.

Back 35

ploidy count

or "n" number.

Front 36

Cells with two complimentary sets of chromosomes are referred to as

(has homologous pairs)

Back 36

diploid or somatic cells.

Front 37

Cells with only one set of chromosomes are referred to as


(no homologous pairs)

Back 37

haploid or gamete cells.

Front 38

Some key events that occur in prophase I of meiosis are

Back 38

homologous chromosomes pair or synapse to form tetrads
nuclear membrane dissapears
chromosomes condense
centrioles move to poles (animal cell)

Front 39

In meiosis I ____________ __________ are separated. In meiosis II ____________ __________ are separated, just like in mitosis.

Back 39

homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids

Front 40

Chromosomal reduction (from diploid to haploid) occurs in meiosis ____ (I or II).

Back 40

meiosis I.

Front 41

List three ways that genetic information is varied through sexual reproduction

Back 41

independent assortment of chromosomes
crossing over during tetrad formation
random fertilization (or partners)

Front 42

independent assortment

Back 42

The principal being illustrated in this diagram is

Front 43

karyotype

Back 43

The above picture illustrates the process involved in creating a

Front 44

The failure of one synaptic pair of chromosomes to separate during anaphase I is known as

Back 44

nondisjunction.

Front 45

X_ (X0) -- no Y chromosome.

A rare chromosomal disorder of females (1 in 2500) characterized by short stature and the lack of sexual development at puberty.

Back 45

Turner's Syndrome.

Front 46

XXY -- extra X chromosome.

1 in 700 to 1 in 1000 males are born with this condition. About half show lower IQ, slower development. Most are sterile.

Back 46

Kleinfelter's syndrome.

Front 47

Extra copy of chromosome 21.

Back 47

Down syndrome.

Front 48

DNA is found in the nucleous of most living cells. Give another source of DNA that might be found in a cell.

Back 48

DNA in mitochonria.

DNA in chloroplasts.

Front 49

In an organism's life cycle, what process moves from diploid to haploid, and then from haploid back to diploid?

Back 49

meiosis

fertilization

Front 50

In life cycles that have multicellular organisms in both the diploid and haploid stages, the haploid organism is known as a ______________.

Back 50

gametophyte

Front 51

In life cycles that have multicellular organisms in both the diploid and haploid stages, the diploid organism is known as a ______________.

Back 51

sporophyte

Front 52

Many small or single celled organisms will reproduce using _____________ unless conditions become hostile and will then use _____________ .

Back 52

mitosis


meiosis

Front 53

alternation of generations is

Back 53

The alternation of gametophyte and sporophyte stages in the life cycle of a plant.

Front 54

anaphase is

Back 54

An intermediate stage of nuclear division during which chromosomes or chromatids are pulled to the poles of the spindle.

Front 55

binary fission is

Back 55

Simple cell division in single-celled organisms.

Front 56

Cancer can be simply defined as

Back 56

A syndrome that involves the uncontrolled and abnormal division of cells.

Front 57

The cell cycle is

Back 57

The cycle of cell growth, replication of the genetic material and nuclear and cytoplasmic division.

Front 58

Cell Division can be simply defined as

Back 58

The process by which two cells are formed from one.

Front 59

The centriole is

Back 59

A short cylindrical organelle, found in pairs, and responsible for the formation of a spindle apparatus during division in animal cells.

Front 60

A centromere is

Back 60

the constricted region of a chromosome, to which the spindle fibres attach during division.

Front 61

A chromatid is

Back 61

One of the two side by side replicas produced by chromosome replication before mitosis or meiosis.

Front 62

A clone is a

Back 62

An individual formed by some asexual process so that it is genetically identical to its parent.

Front 63

cytokinesis is

Back 63

The division of the cytoplasm of a cell into two daughter cells.

Front 64

A cell having two chromosome sets, or an individual having two chromosome sets in each of its cells. Is known as a __________ cell

Back 64

diploid.

Front 65

An abnormal human phenotype, including mental retardation, due to a trisomy of chromosome 2l is known as

Back 65

Down syndrome.