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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A woman is most fertile during these days of her cycle
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10 - 19
This is by no means accurate for every individual. It is an average based on ovulation occuring on day 14. |
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Fertilization typically occurs here for a successful pregnancy
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In the fallopian tubes.
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After the sperm and egg nuclei fuse this new life is refered to as a
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Zygote.
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The cellular division needed to go from a one celled zygote to a multi cellular embryo is
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mitosis or mitotic division.
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When the new life is at the morula stage each contained cell is said to be
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totipotent
or undifferentiated |
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When the cells of a new life start to differentiate, the cell mass is called a
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Blastocyst.
Around days 5 - 7 |
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The extra embryonic membranes are
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Chorion
Amnion Allantois |
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In order to signal the mother that a pregnancy has occured, the developing blastocyst must
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secrete HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)after embedding in the uterine lining.
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The role of HCG in the mother is to
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signal pregnancy and cause the corpus luteum to continue to function.
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The corpus luteum must continue to secrete these hormones in high levels during the first two trimesters of pregnancy.
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Progesterone and estrogen.
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In the third trimester, the corpus luteum is not necessary. What has taken over it's hormonal role for the rest of the pregnancy?
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The placental wall will secrete it's own progesterone and estrogen.
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The chorionic layer has two main functions; they are
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to secrete HCG
to form a placenta for nutrient and waste exchange. |
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The amnion layer will grow into the _________ _______ which will surrond the embryo and fuction to ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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amnionic sack
protect and cushion the embryo as well as insulate it from temperature changes. |
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After fertilization, cleavage occurs as the cells divide but the embryo does not become larger. The resulting mass of cells is called a
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morula.
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The allantois with the yolk sac provide the embryo with
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blood cells untill the bone tissue takes over this role.
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The three embryonic layers are
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Ectoderm
Mesoderm Endoderm |
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The ectoderm gives rise to these organs and tissues
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skin, nails, hair, lens of eye, lining of the internal and external ear, nose, sinuses, mouth, anus, tooth enamel, pituitary gland, mammary glands, and all parts of the nervous system.
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The endoderm gives rise to these organs and tissues
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the lining of lungs, tongue, tonsils, urethra and associated glands, bladder and digestive tract.
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The mesoderm gives rise to these organs and tissues
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muscles, bones, lymphatic tissue, spleen, blood cells, heart, lungs, and reproductive and excretory systems.
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The human heart begins to beat by
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the third week or around day 21.
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The umbilical cord transports ________ to the mother and brings back ___________ to the embryo
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wastes
nutrients |
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The specific site of nutrient and waste exchange is found in the ___________ ________ of the placental wall.
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Chorionic Villi
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Umbilical arteries carry blood that is rich in ___________ and _________; while umbilical veins carry blood that is rich in ___________ and __________.
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waste and carbon dioxide
nutrients and oxygen |
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From the 9th week on during pregnancy, the embryo is referred to as a
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fetus.
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During which trimester must the fetus experience a burst of testosterone to become externally male?
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The 1st trimester.
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Later in the 2nd trimester the fetus will swallow amniotic fluid to
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stimulate the formation of internal organs and muscles.
It will also suck it's thumb, urinate and work it's lungs all to stimulate development. |
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One of the last vital organs to develop fully in a human fetus are the
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lungs.
Often not untill late in the 3rd trimester. |
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The fetus adds fat layers during this trimester
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The 3rd trimester.
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The fetus grows a waxy coating called the vernix during this trimester
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The 2nd trimester.
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Main hormones involved in birth include
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estrogen, oxytocin, relaxin, epinephrine, endorphins, prolactin
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Oxytocin present in large amounts causes the uterus
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to contract helping to move the fetus through the birth canal.
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Rise in placental estrogen helps the uterus to express receptors for this hormone
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oxytocin.
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In order for birth to proceed safely, the cervix must
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thin and dialate to allow the fetus to enter the birth canal.
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Taking samples of the fluid around the fetus and examining the fetal cells is known as
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amniocentesis.
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Taking fetal blood from the umbilical cord and examining the contained cells is known as
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cordeocentesis.
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Taking small amounts of tissue from the chorion to examine for chromosomal abnormalities is known as
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CVS or chorionic villus sampling .
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A noninvasive procedure to examine fetal development and perhaps determine the gender of the fetus is known as
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an ultrasound.
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A male with testicular non-descent may have reproductive problems because
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sperm production must occur a few degrees below body temperature.
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An IUI procedure is when sperm is collected, washed and injected
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directly into the uterus.
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The main steps in IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) are
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1) Ovulation Induction
2) Retrieval 3) Collecting and preparing the sperm 4) Insemination of eggs and embryos culture 5) Transferring embryos to the uterus |