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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Group of organisms of the same species living in the same area
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a population
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Considering all of the alleles in a population
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a gene pool
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Five factors that must be true for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to exist
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Random Mating
Equal Viability No Mutation No Migration Large Population |
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Genotype frequency in a population
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AA, Aa, and aa
Usually represented by p^2+2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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Allele frequency in a population
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A and a
Usually represented by p + q = 1 |
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Part of H-W equation we use to find the frequency of the heterozygous
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2pq
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Evolutionary Forces
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Gene Flow
Genetic Drift Non-Random Mating Mutation Natural Selection |
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the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
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Founder effect
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the effective population size sharply decreases to a small percentage of the original
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Bottleneck effect
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Spontaneous genetic change, usually during replication
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Mutation
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individuals whose genetic variation best adapt them to their environments will be most likely to survive and pass on those traits.
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natural selection
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one extreme is selected against causing a one way change in the mean of the population
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directional selection
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Forces selected against both extremes in the population causing the mean to have a higher frequency.
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stabilizing selection
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some force is selecting against the mean of the population increases the frequency of the extremes.
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disruptive selection
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a classification of interbreeding organisms whose offspring is fertile
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Species
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All the populations that live together in a habitat (biotic only)
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Community
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a community and it’s abiotic factors (like climate, weather, soil, etc.)
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Ecosystem
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is the type of place where individuals of a species typically live
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Habitat
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This class of species maintain diversity (richness + evenness) by reducing "competitive exclusion".
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keystone predators
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organisms that feed on others but are free-living and do not take up residence on their prey
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predators
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The organism that leads this type of predator-prey cycle
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The prey population must lead this cycle.
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When predatory and prey change over time.
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Co-evolution
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An interaction between individuals brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supply
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competition
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Competition between species
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Interspecific
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Competition between members of the same species
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intraspecific
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Similar species can use resources in different ways or at different times to avoid competition
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Resource partitioning
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Organisms that drain nutrients from their hosts
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parasites.
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A type of symbiosis where one species benefits while the other is unaffected
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Commensalism
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A type of symbiosis where both species benefits
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Mutualism
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Change in the composition of species over time in new environments with no soil present
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Primary succession
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Change in the composition of species over time where communities were destroyed or displaced
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Secondary succession
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Changes that happen during succession
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Species diversity increases.
Biomass increases. New, more favorable microclimate. Greater development of structure. Food chains more web-like, detritus. Increased niche specialization. Increased competition. |
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first species to colonize barren habitats
Improve conditions for other species who then replace them |
Pioneer Communities
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More complex and diverse than pioneer, yet not as organized or stable as climax.
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Seral Communities
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Stable array of species that persists relatively unchanged over time.
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Climax Community
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The study of how we can actively work to restore damaged communities and reestablish biodiversity
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Restoration Ecology
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