Day 1 Studyplan Cards

Front 1

Molecular weight

vs.

Formula weight

Back 1

Molecular weight refers to molecules.

Formula weight refers to ionic compounds.

Front 2

Gram equivalent weight

Back 2

The amount of a compound that produces one equivalent of the monovalent particle of interest.

Gram equivalent weight = molar mass / n

where n = # of protons/ions/electrons produced or consumed per molecule

Front 3

Equivalents

Back 3

Equivalents = mass of compound (g)

--------------------------------------

gram equivalent weight (g)

Front 4

Normality

Back 4

A measure of concentration

Normality = molarity * n

Molarity = normality / n

Front 5

Two methods of finding empirical & molecular formulas:

Back 5

Method 1: Assume a 100g sample. Calculate the moles of each element in the sample and simplify.

Method 2: Find the molecular formula first. Use the percent of an element and multiply that by the grams in the sample, then divide by the atomic mass of the element to determine number of moles of the element present. Simplify.

Front 6

Limiting reactant

vs.

Reagent

Back 6

Limiting reactant runs out first and determines the number of moles of the product;

the reagent is the excess reactant, and remains after the limiting reactant is consumed.

Front 7

Franz Gall

Back 7

Invented phrenology, which involved feeling the skull for bumps to determine link between brain and behavior.

Front 8

Pierre Flourens

Back 8

Used ablations to assess function of different brain regions in rodents.

Front 9

William James

Back 9

Founded functionalism, which studied how the mind adapts to the environment.

Front 10

John Dewey

Back 10

Also involved with functionalism, but focused on the whole organism and adaptation.

Front 11

Paul Broca

Back 11

Studied physiology, linking brain injuries to specific impairments.

Discovered that damage to a region of the left brain, now known as Broca's area, inhibits speech production.

Front 12

Hermann von Helmholtz

Back 12

Linked psychology to the natural sciences by measuring the speed of nerve impulses.

Front 13

Sir Charles Sherrington

Back 13

Inferred the existence of synapses.

Front 14

Name the three types of nerve cells.

Back 14

Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons.

Front 15

Sensory, aka _____ neurons,

and motor, aka _____ neurons.

Back 15

Afferent (sensory) neurons ascend to brain, and efferent (motor) neurons exit brain.

Front 16

Three functions of the meninges.

Back 16

Protect the brain,

Anchor it within the skull,

Resorb cerebrospinal fluid.

(PAR)

Front 17

Three layers of meninges (in order).

Back 17

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

(DAP, from top to bottom)

Front 18

Inferior/superior colliculi function and location.

Back 18

Auditory and visual sensorimotor reflexes, respectively; midbrain.

Front 19

Medulla oblongata function and location.

Back 19

Vital functioning, including breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion; hindbrain.

Front 20

Reticular formation function and location.

Back 20

Arousal and alertness; hindbrain.

Front 21

Prosencephalon --> diencephalon --> (4)

Back 21

Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland.

Front 22

Prosencephalon --> telencephalon --> (3)

Back 22

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system.

Front 23

Rhombencephalon --> metencephalon --> (2)

Back 23

Pons and cerebellum.

Front 24

Rhombencephalon --> myelencephalon --> (1)

Back 24

Medulla oblongata.

Front 25

Two noninvasive brain-imaging techniques:

Back 25

EEG's and rCBF

(electroencephalongram and regional cerebral blood flow)

Front 26

Thalamus

Back 26

Sensory "way station" (except for smell)

Front 27

Hypothalamus

Back 27

Homeostasis and regulator of drive behaviors (hunger, thirst, sexual behaviors--four F's)

Links the endocrine and nervous systems.

Front 28

Lateral hypothalamus

Back 28

Hunger and thirst regulation.

"Lacks hunger" when destroyed.

Front 29

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Back 29

Satiety center.

"Very much hunger" when destroyed.

Front 30

Anterior hypothalamus

Back 30

Sexual activity, and sleep/body temperature.

"Asexual" when destroyed.

Front 31

Pineal gland

Back 31

Produces melatonin

Front 32

Basal ganglia

Back 32

Smooth movements and body posture.

Have a role in Parkinson's, and perhaps also schizophrenia and OCD.

Front 33

Limbic system

Back 33

Emotion and memory.

Includes septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Front 34

Septal nuclei

Back 34

Pleasure center.

(Addiction!)

Front 35

Amygdala

Back 35

Aggression/defense behaviors.

Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

Front 36

Hippocampus

Back 36

Learning and memory.

-->Patient case study: H.M. couldn't learn new things after hippocampus lesion. Suffered from anterograde amnesia.

Front 37

The gyri are _____ and the sulci are ______.

Back 37

Bumps; folds.

Front 38

Frontal lobe

Back 38

Executive function; damage leads to apathy and/or impulsivity.

Front 39

Motor homunculus

Back 39

Controls voluntary movement. The finer the movement, the larger its proportional space on the motor homunculus.

Located on the precentral gyrus.

Front 40

Broca's area

Back 40

Usually located on the left, or dominant, hemisphere; controls speech production.

Front 41

Parietal lobe

Back 41

Somatosensory information processing; central region controls spatial processing and manipulation.

Front 42

Occipital lobe

Back 42

Visual/striate cortex.

Front 43

Temporal lobe

Back 43

Auditory cortex, and Wernicke's area (language reception and comprehension), as well as memory processing and emotion.

Front 44

Ipsilateral and contralateral

communication examples.

Back 44

Ipsilateral: ears.

Contralateral: legs.

Front 45

Which hemisphere is dominant?

Back 45

Hemisphere more heavily stimulated by language reception/production.

Front 46

Acetylcholine

Back 46

Voluntary muscle movements and CNS attention and arousal.

Front 47

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 47

Catecholamines also known as monoamines or biogenic amines; associated with emotion.

Epinephrine acts more as a hormone, and norepinephrine more as a local neurotransmitter with depression and anxiety implications.

Front 48

Dopamine

Back 48

Also a catecholamine/monoamine and biogenic amine; smooth movements and posture.

Implicated in Parkinson's and schizophrenia.

Front 49

Serotonin

Back 49

Mood regulation, sleeping, eating, dreaming.

Front 50

GABA

Back 50

Inhibits post-synaptic potentials and stabilizes neural activities.

Front 51

Peptide neurotransmitters

Back 51

Include endorphins and enkephalins, which are natural painkillers.

Front 52

Pituitary gland

Back 52

"Master" signaling gland

Front 53

Adrenals (Medulla and Cortex)

Back 53

Medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine;

Cortex produces corticosteroids and sex hormones.

Front 54

Neurulation

Back 54

Process by which ectoderm sinks and forms neural groove, and then the neural tube forms the CNS. The alar plate produces the sensory neurons, while the basal plate produces motor neurons.

Front 55

Rooting reflex

Back 55

Baby turns towards cheek brushing

Front 56

Grasping reflex

Back 56

Hand closes around palm after being stimulated.

May return in mentally disabled adults.

Front 57

Moro reflex

Back 57

Flinging out of hands when the head is moved abruptly; disappears at 4 months, and may indicate a developmental issue if remaining at one year.

Front 58

Babinski reflex

Back 58

Toes spread out when foot is touched.

May return in mentally disabled adults.

Front 59

Stranger anxiety and

separation anxiety:

ages of appearance

Back 59

7 months; one year.

Front 60

Play styles from infancy to two years:

Back 60

Solitary (infant) --> Onlooker (1 year) --> Parallel (2 years)