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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articles of Confederation
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first constitution of the US
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Why was the US Constitution written?
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To fix the flaws of the Articles of Confederation
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Battle of Saratoga
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When the Patriots won this battle, the French chose to join the side of the Americans against the British
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13th Amendment
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outlawed slavery
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14th Amendment
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gave all Americans right to citizenships which prevented congressional interference with individual rights.
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15th Amendment
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voting rights for ALL MALE citizens
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Bill of Rights
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1st 10 amendments to constitution; protected freedoms of speech, religion; protection from cruel and unusual punishment; right to bear arms (own guns)
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Declaration of Independence
showed the ideas of ___ |
John Locke
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Statement of democratic principles rather than a framework for government
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Declaration of Independence
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When was the Declaration of Independence written and why?
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1776, explained why colonists wanted to break free from Great Britain
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Unalienable Rights
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rights that all people are born with and cannot be taken away
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Life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness
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Unalienable rights
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Subsistence farming
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farmers produce crops mainly for their own use (produce just enough to survive)
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Why was there a need for colonial assemblies?
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The colonies were very far away in distance from Great Britain so the colonists were required to make some of their own decisions.
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Dred scott vs. Sandford
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Court decision that said slaves could NOT be citizens and were PROPERTY.
Increased the fighting over the issue of slavery |
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French and Indian War
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War between the French and British that put BRITAIN in DEBT and caused them to TAX the COLONISTS
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Mercantilism
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economic policy that was used to make Britain WEALTHY
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Election of Lincoln
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caused South to SECEDE from the USA
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Abraham Lincoln
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President during the Civil war
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WHO fought in the American civil war and WHEN was it
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The North
The South 1861-1865 |
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Why did the North have an advantage in the Civil War?
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The north had a larger population, greater manufacturing base, and naval power (more ships)
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What were the two sides fighting over in the American Civil War?
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Slavery and States' rights
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Federalism
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Sharing of powers between the state and local government
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System of Checks and Balances
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keeps each branch of government from becoming too powerful
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Separation of Powers
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the powers of government are separated between the 3 branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial
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Limited government
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government has to follow the laws
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Federalist papers
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essays written that helped some states choose to RATIFY the Constitution.
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Spanish Armada
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Spanish navy that was defeated by British
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What caused Spain to decline as a European Power and Great Britain to become a global power?
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada
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What happened after the Thirty Years war?
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German states were broken apart into many smaller states
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Why did Prussia and Austria battle in the 1700s?
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To gain control of the German states
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Why was the English Civil War fought?
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Because the people did NOt want WILLIAM and MARY to rule.
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Poland disappeared from the map in 1791 because?
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of the actions of Russia, Austria, and Prussia
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What was the Enlightenment?
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It challenged the social order by calling for a JUST society based in REASON
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What group did the Enlightenment NOT affect?
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The pheasants
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What did France's Constitution of 1791 do?
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It established a new legislative assembly in France.
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What was the reign of terror?
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It crushed all opposition to the French Revolution
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What happened during Napoleon's rule?
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annexed the Netherlands to France.
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What happened at the Congress of Vienna?
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It redrew the map of Europe to surround France with strong countries
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First, Second and Third Estates?
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1st: clergy
2nd: nobles 3rd: everyone else that supported the economy French society that had great inequality |
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How did the Napoleonic Code reflect Enlightenment Principles?
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It guaranteed the equality of all citizens before the law.
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benefit of enclosures?
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helped increase food production in the 1700s
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Another reason why farm production increased in the 1700s in Britain
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New farm machinery
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Who won the Franco-Prussian War?
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France
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KULTURKAMPF
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weakened the influence of the Catholic Church
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Why was it hard to unite Italy?
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All of the cultural differences
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What happened when protesters were killed on Bloody Sunday in 1905?
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Revolution broke out!!
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What caused the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
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weakening of the central government
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Who did the Ottoman Empire support during WWI?
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the Central Powers
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What were reasons for IMPERIALISM?
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economic, political, and military interests and modernization.
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How did the Industrial Revolution influence Imperialism?
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Countries needed access to raw materials and markets to sell the finished product
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No Man's Land
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area between trenches that was dotted with landmines
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What caused WWI's trenchfoot?
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Soldiers having to stand in water for long periods of time while in a trench
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Who was in the Triple Alliance?
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Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
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Why did Germany join the Triple Alliance?
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to gain needed protection from France.
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What did the automatic machine gun lead to?
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Stalemates on the Western Front
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WWI's MODERN Weapons?
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WAY MORE DEADLY
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What was the effect of militarism in the 1800s?
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nations made alliances with other countries for political and military gains
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Ended Russia's involvement in WWI
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What happened because of the Bolshevic Revolution?
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there was a civil war in Russia (RED army VS. WHITE army)
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Operation Barbarossa
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Hitler's plan to conquer Britain.
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What did Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor do?
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Brought the US into WWII
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What was D-Day
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the allied invasion of France during WWII
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What is the Holocaust?
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massacre of more than 6 million Jews by the Germans
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Why was Archduke Ferdinand assassinated?
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The Serbians in Bosnia viewed the Austrians as foreign oppressors. So there were ethnic tensions.
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What is the House of Commons?
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The part of British Parliament that was made up of the gentry and the Burgesses
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House of Lords
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The part of British Parliament that was made up of nobles and higher clergy
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Edict of Nantes
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document allowing Huguenots (Protestants) to worship where it was a majority
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What is an Armada?
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fleet of warships used to carry out a mission
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Who were the Protestants?
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Huguenots
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What was Mercantilism?
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belief that a nation's wealth was measured by its gold and silver
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What was Divine Right?
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theory used to justify absolute rule in Europe
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What did the Puritans wasnt?
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To purify the Anglican Church of all of the Catholic rituals.
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What was the Enlightenment?
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an 18th century movement; ideas inspired the American Revolution
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
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the global transfer of food, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas
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What was the Scientific Revolution?
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A major change in European thought starting in the mid 1500s in which the study of the NATURAL WORLD began to be characterized by careful OBSERVATION and QUESTIONING accepted BELIEFS
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What was Industrialization?
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the economic change from artisans to mass production or development of industries for the machine production of goods
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What is Due Process?
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a course of formal proceedings (as legal proceedings) carried out regularly and in accordance with the established rules and principles
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What is Democracy
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government authority is based on the will of the people who elect representatives
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What is a Cash crop?
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crop grown to be sold
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What is Capitalism?
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an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned
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What is Communism?
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a classless society in which all major economic decisions are made by the government
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What is Socialism?
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system in which the government owns most major industries but some property is privately owned.
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What is Totalitarianism?
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the government has total control over all aspects of society
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What is a Cottage Industry?
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a business that employs workers in their homes
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What is the Marshall Plan?
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stated that the US would provide aid to any European country that needed help to rebuild after WWII
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What is Warsaw Pact?
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Eastern Europe’s version of NATO
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What is NATO?
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name of the defensive military alliance between countries in western Europe that pledged military support to one another
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What is the Truman Doctrine?
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state that it must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation (takeover)
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What revolution was spurred on by the invention of the steam engine and improvements in producing iron?
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Industrial Revolution
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Describe how women were affected by the Industrial revolution.
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working women had to work 12 or more hours a day outside the home
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Describe how the poor were affected by the Industrial revolution.
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there were few wealthy business people while the majority of the people were poor
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Describe working conditions during the Industrial revolution.
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working conditions were dangerous and inhumane
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What was the symbol of the Industrial Revolution?
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steel
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Where did the Industrial Revolution start and why?
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in Britain because of its coal, large labor supply, and iron.
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How did the Industrial revolution lead to labor reform?
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It caused Unions to be established.
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What are the effects of the industrial revolution?
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By the 1900s the US and Germany were the leading industrial countries; the middle class grew during this time; poor lived in tenements near the factories and life was improved with sewage systems
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Who is George Washington?
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military leader during the Revolutionary War who went on to become the president of the United States
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Who were the Hapsburgs?
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in the 1500s, they were the leading family in Europe; threats to the empire came from nationalistic demands
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Who was Peter the Great?
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ruler of Russia forced Russians to accept social reforms that would make their culture more like that of Western Europe
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Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?
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Queen of Scotland who murdered her husband and escaped to England. She was assassinated after plotting Queen Elizabeth’s death
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Who was Charles V?
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who split his empire between Phillip II and Ferdinand
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Who was Phillip II?
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son from Charles V received Spain, Netherlands, southern Italy and Spain’s overseas empire
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Who was Ferdinand?
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son From Charles V received central lands in Europe
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Who was montesquieu?
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believed the purpose of the separation of powers was to protect the liberties of the people
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Who was Louis XIV?
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made palaces and churches, stripped the national treasury of all resources, and caused conflict between the nobles and peasants
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Who was Robespierre?
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led the Reign of Terror
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Who was Napolean?
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During his rule, Europe eventually defended itself against his advances but his conquests spread many of the ideals of the French revolution
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Who was Karl Marx?
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believed that there were few wealthy business people and most people were poor
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Who was Louis Pasteur?
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developed a vaccine for rabies and anthrax
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Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?
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Otto Von Bismarck
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Who pursued a foreign policy aimed at winning overseas colonies for Germany?
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William II of Germany
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Who was Mary I?
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Henry VIII’s first daughter who was Catholic
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Who was the Leader of the Roundheads in the English Civil War?
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Oliver Cromwell
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Who was the Queen of England who encouraged sea captains to plunder Spanish treasure?
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Elizabeth I
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Who was the King of Prussia who used the army to strengthen the nation’s power?
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Fredrick the Great
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Who was the French king who built the palace at Versailles?
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Louis XIV
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Who was Henry VIII’s second wife who was beheaded?
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Ane Boelyn
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Who Ruled Spain and the Hapsburg empire?
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Charles I, Charles V
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Who united England and Scotland under one rule?
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James I
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What was the importance of the Committee of Public Safety?
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dealt with threats to France; 12 members
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What was the importance of the National Assembly?
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voted to end the French monarchy entirely and set up a republic
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What was the importance of the National Convention?
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took the Tennis Court oath and swore never to disband until a just constitution was established for France
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Who Helped the young king Louis XIII?
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Who were English monarchs that had to accept the English Bill of Rights?
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William and Mary
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Who established a totalitarian regime in Italy?
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Mussolini
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Who was able to gain control of Germany after WWI as a result of the war and the Great Depression; persecuted the Jews
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Hitler
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Who asked the US Congress to declare war on Japan?
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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What is a concentration camp?
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a detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state
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Who established a totalitarian government in the Soviet Union that maintained complete control over its citizens?
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Joseph Stalin
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Who was the Leader of the Soviet Union whose Communist party held complete control of the government?
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Vladimir Lenin
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Who was the US leader that issued a formal statement ending the Cold War?
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George Bush Sr.
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Who became the became head of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union and took steps toward establishing a democratic government?
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Who was the oviet leader that issued a formal statement ending the Cold War?
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Boris Yeltsin
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Bosnia was ruled by what country before WWI?
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Austria-Hungary
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What was Europe like in 1918?
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In ruins
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What allowed the Allies to achieve the breakthrough they sought in World War I?
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involvement of the US
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Which nation had the most casualties in WWII?
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Soviet Union
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What was the Age of Napoleon’s effect on Europe?
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During his rule, Europe eventually defended itself against his advances but his conquests spread many of the ideals of the French revolution
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What glorified blind loyalty to the state?
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Fascism
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What policy did western democracies follow in response to Axis aggression in 1930s?
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Appeasement
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What battle allowed the US to take the offesnsive in the Pacific?
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Battle of Midway
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