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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a subject-oriented data warehouse?
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A subject-oriented data warehouse only houses data organized by detailed subject – sales, prices. It contains only data relevant to support that subject. It provides a much more comprehensive view of operations.
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What are the characteristics of a data warehouse?
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The fundamental characteristics of a data warehouse are web based multidimensional databases, client server, subject oriented, time variants, nonvolatile, and integrated – a data warehouse is “presumed” to be totally integrated.
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What is metadata?
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Metadata is data about data. It describes how the data are organized and how to effectively use them. It describes the structure of and some of the meaning about the data.
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What is an independent data mart?
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An independent data mart is a lower cost scaled down version of a data warehouse; a small warehouse designed for a Strategic Business Unit or Dept. Source is not an EDW.
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What are the data sources for a data warehouse?
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The data sources for a data warehouse are multiple independent operational “legacy” systems and possibly from external data providers (i.e., US Census). May also come from OLTP or ERP systems, Web data from Web logs may also feed a data warehouse.
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What are the different types of data marts?
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There are two different kinds of data marts – dependent and independent.
A dependent data mart is a subset that is created directly from the data warehouse. It has the advantages of using a consistent data model and providing quality data. Dependent data marts support the concept of a single enterprise wide data model, but the data warehouse must be constructed first. An independent data mart is a small warehouse designed for a strategic business unit (SBU) or a department, but its source is not and EDW. |
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Why is data integration an issue?
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Data integration is an issue because when data passes from the sources of the application oriented operational environment to the Data Warehouse, possible inconsistencies and redundancies may occur and the warehouse will not be able to provide an integrated and reconciled view of data of the organization until all data fields are reconciled.
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What are the direct benefits of a data warehouse?
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The direct benefits include the following:
• End users can perform extensive analysis in numerous ways • A consolidated view of corporate data (i.e., single version of the truth) is possible • Better and more-timely information is possible. A data warehouse permits information processing to be relieved from costly operational systems onto low-cost servers; therefore, many more end-user information requests can be processed more quickly. • Enhanced system performance can result. A data warehouse frees production processing because some operational system reporting requirements are moved to DSS • Data access is simplified |
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What is the basis of a star schema?
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The large and complex queries required in OLAP are best supported through a modeling technique that simplifies table structure and minimizes table joins such as the star schema, so named for its radial design. In this model a central fact table or tables containing quantitative measures of a unitary or transactional nature (such as sales, shipments, holdings, or treatments) is/are related to multiple dimensional tables which contain information used to group and constrain the facts of the fact table(s) in the course of a query.
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What are the three components of BPM?
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The three components are:
• A set of integrated, closed-loop management and analytic processes, supported by technology, that address financial as well as operational activities • Tools for businesses to define strategic goals and then measure and manage performance against those goals • A core set of processes, including financial and operational planning, consolidation and reporting, modeling, analysis, and monitoring of key performance indicators (KPIs), linked to organizational strategy |
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BPM helps organizations translate a unified set of objectives into what kinds of performance?
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“It helps organizations translate a unified set of objectives into plans, monitor execution, and deliver critical insight to improve financial and operational performance”.
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An operational business plan does what?
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An operational plan translates an organization’s strategic objectives and goals into a set of well-defined tactics and initiatives, resource requirements, and expected results for some future time period. Most encompass a portfolio of tactics and initiatives – Strategy drives tactics, and tactics drive results. The tactics and initiatives defined in an operational plan need to be directly linked to key objectives and targets in the strategic plan.
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What are the components of a cybernetic system?
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The components of a cybernetic system are raw data, functional applications, business intelligence and reporting mechanisms. Functional Applications can include: Transaction Based Standard Reporting - Highly focused (Mfg. Execution System, Marginal Monitoring System, Failure Analysis System). Business intelligence can include applications such as Cross Application Query/Data Mining and Statistical Analysis (BMIS (Financial Performance) Mitec Reporting (Factory Performance), Q IS (Product Performance)). Reporting Mechanisms can include Dashboards, Performance Charting (Corporate Dashboards: Planning / Forecasting, Revenue Positions, Inventory Positions; Factory Dashboard: Component Inventory, Line Utilization Yield).
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What is the best known and used performance management system?
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The best-known and most widely used performance management system is the Balanced Scorecard. This is now considered a generic term that is used to represent virtually every type of scorecard application and implementation, regardless of whether it is balanced or strategic. It is both a performance measurement and a management methodology that helps translate an organization’s financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth objectives and targets into a set of actionable initiatives.
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What is a strategy map?
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A strategy map delineates the process of value creation through a series of cause-and-effect relationships among the key organizational objectives for all four BSC perspectives – financial, customer, process, and learning and growth
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What does Six Sigma do?
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Six Sigma provides the means to measure and monitor key processes related to a company’s profitability and to accelerate improvement in overall business performance. Most companies use it as a process improvement methodology that enables them to scrutinize their processes, pinpoint problems, and apply remedies.
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What are the three layers of a BPM?
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1) BPM Applications – supports the BPM processes used to transform user interactions and source data into budgets plans, forecasts, reports, analysis, and the like. Any solution should be flexible and extensible enough to allow an org to find its own path – including decisions about which applications to include and when to roll them out.
2) Information Hub – Most BPM systems require data and information from a variety of source systems and the data can be accessed in a number of ways. 3) Source Systems – Represents all of the data sources containing information fed into the BPM information hub; may include financial and other operational data from a variety of enterprise systems. Complete solutions will also access key external information, such as industry trends and competitor intelligence. |
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What is NGT? Nominal Group Technique
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"A simple brainstorming process for nonelectronic meetings." "NGT is a group decision-making method whereby each participant provides his or her opinions and corresponding explanations individually prior to the group discussion and elaboration. The main goal is to eliminate groupthink by allowing everybody to contribute their original opinions."
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What is asynchronous communication?
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Asynchronous means "occurring at different times." "Asynchronous communication occurs when the receiver gets the information at a different time than it was sent, such as in e-mail." For comparison purposes, telephones are synchronous communication.
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What are the options for deploying GDSS/GSS technology?
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GSS: Group Support System. GDSS: Group Decision Support System.
3 options: 1) As a special-purpose decision room (electronic meeting rooms with PCs and large public screens at the front of each room). 2) As a multiple-use facility (a general-purpose computer lab or computer classroom) 3) As Internet or intranet-based groupware, with clients running wherever the group members are (often includes audio conferencing and videoconferencing). |
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What is an Enterprise Portal?
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"doorways into many knowledge management systems."
An enterprise portal, also known as an enterprise information portal (EIP), is a framework for integrating information, people and processes across organizational boundaries. Enterprise portals provide a secure unified access point,often in the form of a web-based user interface, and are designed to aggregate and personalize information through application-specific portlets. |
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What is CPFR?
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Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR): A project in which suppliers and retailers collaborate in their planning and demand forecasting to optimize the flow of materials along the supply chain. (p. 679). The collaborators agree on a standard process. The process ends with an order forecast. Retailers and vendors determine the rules of engagement. They share detailed information like promotion schedules and item point-of-sale history, and use store-level expectations as the basis for all forecasts. It basically improves demand forecasting.
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What is VMI? Vendor-Managed Inventory
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This is when retailers make their suppliers responsible for determining when to order and how much to order. The retailer provides the supplier with real-time information like point-of-sale data, inventory levels, and the order threshold for replenishment. Wal-Mart was the first to implement this and supported it with electronic data interchange.
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What are the four features of collective intelligence?
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Openness, peering, sharing, acting globally. Collective intelligence (aka symbiotic intelligence) is a shared intelligence that emerges from the intentional cooperation, collaboration, and/or coordination of many individuals.
1) Openness – sharing ideas through collaboration leads to product and process improvements. 2) Peering – a horizontal organization with the capacity to create information, knowledge, technology, and physical products. An example is Linux since it is open source and users are free to modify and develop the system so long as they make their changes/improvements available to others. 3) Sharing – limited sharing of information (basically sharing what you can without sharing patented information) has allowed some companies to expand their market knowledge and bring products to market more quickly. 4) Acting Globally – have no geographic boundaries. Has global connections, gains access to new markets, ideas, and technology. Stays globally competitive. |
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What are the features of idea-generating GDSS software?
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• GDSS Support parallel processing of information and idea generation(parallelism)
• GDSS enable the participation for larger groups with more complete information, knowledge and skills. • GDSS permit the group to use structured or unstructured techniques and methods • Rapid and easy access to external and stored information needed for decision making. • Supports parallel processing (parallelism) of information and idea generation by participants and allows asynchronous computer discussion. • Permits the group to use structured or unstructured techniques and methods. • Enables the participation of larger groups with more complete information, knowledge, and skills. |
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What is intellectual capital?
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The know-how of an organization. Intellectual capital often includes the knowledge that employees possess.
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What is Knowledge?
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Understanding, awareness, or familiarity acquired through education or experience; anything that has been learned, perceived, discovered, inferred, or understood; the ability to use information. In a knowledge management system, knowledge is information in action.
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What is tacit knowledge?
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"Knowledge that is usually in the domain of subjective, cognitive, and experiential learning. It is highly personal and difficult to formalize." The way I understand it, tacit knowledge is like what someone who has worked for a company for 10 years knows, that is impossible to teach to a new staff member - gut feelings about products/processes....
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What are the components of a KMP? Knowledge Management Portal
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The portal aggregates each user's total information needs: data and documents, e-mail, Web links and queries, dynamic feeds from the network, and shared calendars and task lists, reports, ad hoc reports.
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Why is a COP important?
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Community of practice (COP): a group of people in an organization with a common professional interest. Properly creating and nurturing COP is a key to KMS success. COP are where the organizational culture shift really happens when developing and deploying KMS (knowledge management system).
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What are the key dimensions that drive a competitive advantage?
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5 key dimensions are:
1) Customers 2) Financial capital 3) Talent 4) Extended value chain or value network 5) Community |
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What is NLP?
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Natural Language Processing: A collection of technologies aimed to provide necessary mechanisms to enable computers and computer users to communicate with each other using native human language. It has 2 main fields: natural language understanding and natural language generation. Basically you can use a microphone to talk to a computer and it will write out the text. I'm assuming example software is dragon naturally speaking or voice texting.
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What does fuzzy logic allow?
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Fuzzy logic: a technique for processing imprecise linguistic terms. (p. 541). It extends the notions of logic beyond simple true/false statements to allow for partial (or even continuous) truths. (p. 541). Further, in Boolean logic, a person's credit is either good or bad, but with fuzzy logic, the credit record may be both good and bad (simultaneously) with different degrees.
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The solution to a genetic algorithm is represented as what?
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Genetic Algorithms: an advanced search technique that resembles the natural process of evolution. The solution template is formulated as a "chromosome" structure that contains groups or genes. It starts with a random generation population of solutions (a collection of chromosomes) and then filters them until the best one(s) are left.
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What is the major objective of an expert system?
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“ES has been popular in large and medium-sized organizations as a sophisticated tool for improving productivity and quality (see Nedovic and Devedzic, 2002; and Nurminen et al., 2003).
The basic concepts of ES include how to determine who experts are, the definition of expertise, how expertise can be extracted and transferred from a person to a computer, and how the expert system should mimic the reasoning process of human experts.” |
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What is a knowledge base composed of?
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A knowledge base “contains the relevant knowledge necessary for understanding, formulating, and solving problems. A typical knowledge base may include two basic elements: (1) facts that describe the characteristics of a specific problem situation (or fact base) and the theory of the problem area and (2) special heuristics or rules (or knowledge nuggets) that represent the deep expert knowledge to solve specific problems in a particular domain.”
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What is the brain of an expert system?
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“The ‘brain’ of an ES is the inference engine, also known as the control structure or the rule interpreter (in rule-based ES). This component is essentially a computer program that provides a methodology for reasoning about information in the knowledge base and on the blackboard to formulate appropriate conclusions. The inference engine provides directions about how to use the system’s knowledge by developing the agenda that organizes and controls the steps taken to solve problems whenever a consultation takes place.”
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What are the goals of knowledge engineering?
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“A major goal of knowledge engineering is to help experts articulate how they do what they do and to document this knowledge in a reusable form.
• Knowledge acquisition • Knowledge representation • Knowledge validation. • Inferencing • Explanation and justification. |
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What do neural networks identify?
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They can identify trends and important features, even in relatively complex information. What's more, they can work with less-than-perfect information, such as blurry or static-filled pictures, which has been an insurmountable difficulty for symbolic AI systems.
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How does learning relate to intelligent systems?
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“Intelligent agents (IA) are relatively small programs that reside (and run continuously) in a computer environment to perform certain tasks automatically and autonomously. An intelligent agent runs in the background of a computer, monitors the environment, and reacts to certain triggering conditions based on the knowledge embedded into it. A good example of an intelligent software agent is a virus detection program. It resides on your computer, scans all incoming data, and removes found viruses automatically while learning new virus types and detection methods. Intelligent agents are applied in personal digital assistants (PDAs), e-mail servers, news filtering and distribution, appointment handling, e-commerce, and automated information gathering.”
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What is known in supervised learning?
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Supervised learning is a process of inducing knowledge from a set of observations whose outcomes are known.
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42. What are the steps of case-based reasoning?
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CBR can be formalized as a four-step process:
1) Retrieve. Given a target problem, retrieve from a library of past cases the most similar cases that are relevant to solving the current case. 2) Reuse. Map the solution from the previous case to the target problem. Reuse the best old solution to solve the current case. 3) Revise. Having mapped the previous solution to the target situation, test the new solution in the real world (or a simulation) and, if necessary, revise the case. 4) Retain. After the solution has been successfully adapted to the target problem, store the resulting experience as a new case in the case library. |
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What is continuous logic?
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“Fuzzy logic in consumer products is sometimes called continuous logic” (p. 604)
“Fuzzy logic deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than precise, which intimately resembles the kind of uncertainty and partial information that today’s decision makers are constantly being exposed to in real-world situations. In contrast to binary logic, also known as crisp logic, the variables represented with fuzzy logic can have membership values other than just 0 or 1 (or true/false, yes/no, black/white, etc.).” |
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What is the most common form of RFID?
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“In its simplest form, an RFID system consists of a tag (attached to the product to be identified), an interrogator (i.e., reader), one or more antennae attached to the reader, and a computer (to control the reader and capture the data). At present, the retail supply chain has primarily been interested in using passive RFID tags. Passive tags receive energy from the electromagnetic field created by the interrogator (e.g. a reader) and backscatter information only when it is requested. The passive tag will remain energized only while it is within the interrogator’s magnetic field. “
The most common form is the EPC, or Electronic Product Code and “is viewed by many in the industry as the next generation of the Universal Product Code (UPC). Like the UPC, the EPC consists of a series of numbers that identifies product types and manufacturers across the supply chain. The EPC code also includes an extra set of digits to uniquely identify items.” |
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What are the components of a RFID tag?
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“Passive tags receive energy from the electromagnetic field created by the interrogator (e.g. a reader) and backscatter information only when it is requested. The passive tag will remain energized only while it is within the interrogator’s magnetic field.
In contrast, active tags have a battery on board to energize them. Because active tags have their own power source, they don’t need a reader to energize them; instead they can initiate the data transmission process on their own. On the positive side, active tags have a longer read range, better accuracy, more complex rewritable information storage, and richer processing capabilities (Moradpour and Bhuptani, 2005). On the negative side, due to the battery, active tags have a limited lifespan, are larger in size than passive tags, and are more expensive. Currently, most retail applications are designed and operated with passive tags. Active tags are most frequently found in defense or military systems, yet they also appear in technologies such as EZ Pass, where tags are linked to a prepaid account, enabling drivers to pay tolls by driving past a reader rather than stopping to pay at a tollbooth (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2005). … |
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What is reality mining?
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“Many devices in use by consumers and businesspeople are constantly sending out their location information. Cars, buses, taxis, mobile phones, cameras, and personal navigation devices all transmit their locations thanks to network-connected positioning technologies such as GPS, WiFi, and cell tower triangulation. Millions of consumers and businesses use location-enabled devices for finding nearby services, locating friends and family, navigating, tracking of assets and pets, dispatching, and engaging in sports, games, and hobbies.
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Why are there virtual worlds?
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“Virtual worlds are defined as artificial worlds created by computer systems in which the user has the impression of being immersed. The intention is to achieve a feeling of telepresence and participation from a distance. Current popular virtual worlds include Second Life (secondlife.com), Google Lively (lively.com), and EverQuest (everquest.com).”
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What are the advantages of Web 2.0 over the traditional Web?
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“The following are representative characteristics of the Web 2.0 environment:
• The ability to tap into the collective intelligence of users. The more users contribute, the more popular and valuable a Web 2.0 site becomes. • Data is made available in new or never-intended ways. Web 2.0 data can be remixed or “mashed up,” often through Web service interfaces, much the way a dance-club DJ mixes music. • Web 2.0 relies on user-generated and user-controlled content and data. • Lightweight programming techniques and tools let nearly anyone act as a Web site developer. • The virtual elimination of software-upgrade cycles makes everything a perpetual beta or work-in-progress and allows rapid prototyping, using the Web as an application development platform. • Users can access applications entirely through a browser. • An architecture of participation and digital democracy encourages users to add value to the application as they use it. • A major emphasis on social networks and computing. • Strong support of information sharing and collaboration. • Rapid and continuous creation of new business models. Other important features of Web 2.0 are its dynamic content, rich user experience, metadata, scalability, open source basis, and freedom (net neutrality). |
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What are the categories of a virtual community?
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1. Transaction and other business activities – facilitate buying and selling.
2. Purpose or Interest – No trading, just exchange of information of a topic of mutual interest 3. Relations or practices – organized around certain life experiences 4. Fantasy – Members share Imaginary environments 5. Social Networks – Members communicate, collaborate, create, share, form groups… 6. Virtual worlds – Members use avitars to represent them in a simulated 3D environment |
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What is the cloud when referring to cloud computing?
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“The term cloud computing originates from a reference to the Internet as a ‘cloud’ and represents an evolution of all of previous shared/centralized computing trends.”
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