Data Processing

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Data

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a collection of raw facts such as: numbers; measurements; words; observations; description of things

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Numbers

Words

Measurements

Observations

Description of things

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Examples of data

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Alphanumeric

Image

Audio

Video

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Categories of data

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Alphanumeric Data

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represented by numbers, letters and other characters

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Image Data

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represented by images and pictures

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Audio data

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represented by sound, noise or tones

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Video data

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represented by moving images or pictures

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Information

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a collection of facts organized and processed so that they have additional value beyond the value of the individual facts

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Data Processing

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an operation that performs upon raw facts, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection, recording, organization, storage or alteration to convert it into useful information

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Input

Process

Output

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Basic activities of data processing

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Input

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a process through which data collected is transformed into a form that the computer can understand

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Data collection

Data encoding

Data transmission

Data Communication

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Activities carried out in data input

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Data collection

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a stage of gathering raw facts from the environment and preparing it for the input process

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Data encoding

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The process of converting raw facts into a form that is easier to put into a data processing system

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Data Transmission

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The stage of sending input data to the processor and carrying it across various components

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Data communication

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a set of activities which allow the data to be sent from one processing system to another

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Process

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Transforming raw data into information by performing under actual data manipulation techniques

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Classification

Storing

Calculation

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Some of the data manipulation techniques:

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Classification

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When the data is classified into different groups and subgroups so that each data can be handled properly

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Storing

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Data is arranged into an order so that it can be accessed quickly when it's required

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Storing

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Data is arranged into an order so that it can be accessed quickly when it's required

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Calculation

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The operations are performed on the numeric data to get the required results

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Validation

Sorting

Summarization

Aggregation

Analysis

Reporting

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Data processing may involve various processes, including:

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Validation

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ensuring that supplied data is "clean, correct and useful"

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Sorting

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arranging in an ordered sequence

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Summarization

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reducing detail data to its main points

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Aggregation

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combining multiple pieces of data

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Analysis

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the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data

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Reporting

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list detail or summary data or computed information

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Output

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after the processing step, (blank) is generated; where processed data is presented to users as useful information

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Decoding

Communication

Retrieval

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Activities carried out in output:

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Decoding

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Encoded data is converted into a form that is easier to understand

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Communication

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generated output is sent to different places to be used by individuals

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Retrieval

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Output stored on the storage media can be retrieved at any time

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Storage Stage

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an additional step to the data processing cycle

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Manual Data Processing

Automatic Data Processing

Electronic Data Processing

Further Evolution

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Evolution of Data processing

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Delays in data capture

High amount of operator misprints or typos

High labor cost from the amount of manual labor required

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Manual Data Processing implies many opportunities for errors such as:

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Unit record equipment

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Automatic Data Processing: operations are performed by means of (blank)

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Herman Hollerith

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invented the electromechanical tabulation of data

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Electronic data processing

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Use of computers for recording, manipulating and summarizing data

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Recording,

Manipulating,

Summarizing

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Electronic data processing use computers for (blank), (blank) and (blank) data

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Electronic Data Processing

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Process large volumes of similar information (commercial data) using automated activity (relatively simple and repetitive)

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Information Technology

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Data processing previously refer to a department within an organization; the new term, in general use, is (blank)

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Commercial data processing

Data analysis

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Applications of Data Processing (IT)

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Commercial Data processing

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involves a large volume of input data, relatively few computational operations, and a large volume of output

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Commercial Data Processing

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measurements are typically stored as integers, fixed-point or binary-coded decimal representations of numbers

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Education system

Goverment Agencies

Financial Institutions

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Fields using Commercial Data Processing

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Data analysis

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makes use of specialized and highly accurate algorithms and statistical calculations

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Data analysis

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majority of measurements are stored as floating-point representation of rational numbers

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Engineering field

Science and Lab Works

Research and Development

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Fields using data analysis