Data Processing 2

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/* and */

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The symbols used to indicate a comment line in an SQL script in SQL Server 2014, Oracle Database 12c and My SQL 5.6.

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ad-hoc queries

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A query created by a user as and when needed, as compared to a predefined and stored query.

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American National Standards Institute

(ANSI)

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The American standards organization that creates and publishes the SQL standards.

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AVG

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In SQL a function that computes the average of a set of numbers.

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business intelligence systems

(BI)

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Information systems that assist managers and other professionals in the analysis of current and past activities and in the prediction of future events. Two major categories of BI systems are reporting systems and data mining systems.

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Cartesian product

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The SQL operation of paring each and every row in one table with each and every row in anohter table. The Cartesian product is the first step in an SQL join operation.

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character strings

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Database data composed of letters, numbers, and special characters such as @,#,$, and %.

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complement

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either of two parts or things needed to complete the whole; counterpart.

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correlated subquery

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A type of subquery in which an element in the subquery refers to an element in the containing query. A subquery that requires nested processing.

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COUNT

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In SQL a function that counts the number of rows in a query result.

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CROSS JOIN

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Is a JOIN operation that produces the Cartesian product of two tables. Unlike other JOIN operators, it does not let you specify a join clause. You may, however, specify a WHERE clause in the SELECT statement.

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CRUD

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An acronym for create, read, update,and delete. It is used to describe the four actions done to data by a DBMS.

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data control language

(DCL)

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A language used to describe the permissions granted in a database. SQL DCL is that portion of SQL that is used to grant and revoke database permissions.

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data definition language

(DDL)

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A language used to describe the structure of a database. SQL DDL is that portion of SQL that is used to create, modify, and drop database structures.

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data manipulation language

(DML)

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A language used to describe the processing of a database. SQL DML is that portion of SQL that is used to query insert, update, and modify data.

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data sublanguage

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A language for defining and processing a database to be embedded in programs written in another language. A data sublanguage is an incomplete programming language because it contains only constructs for data access.

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data warehouse DBMS

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The DBMS product used by the data warehouse.

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empty set

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In an SQL query, a query response that contains no records, indicating that there is no data in the database that matches the query.

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equijoin

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The process of joining relation A containing attribute A1 with B containing attribte B1 to form relation C, so for each row in S.A!=B1. Both A1and B1 are represented in C.

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Extract, Transform,and Load system

(ETL)

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The portion of a data warehouse that converts operational data to data warehouse data.

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graphical user interface

(GUI)

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A user interface that uses Graphical elements for interaction with a user.

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implicit join

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In SQL statements, a join that does not use the SQL JOIN ON syntax.

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inner join

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Synonym for join, Contrast with outer join.

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International Organization for Standardization

(ISO)

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The international standards organization that works on SQL standards, among others.

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intersection

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A set theory operation similar to a logical and operation.

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joining two tables

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In SQL the process of combining data rows from two tables.

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MAX

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In SQL a function that determines the largest value in a set of numbers.

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Microsoft Access

asterisk (*) wildcard character

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A character used in Microsoft Access 2013 queries to represent one or more unspecified characters.

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Microsoft Access

question mark (?) wild card character

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A character used in Access 2013 queries to represent a single unspecified character.

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MIN

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In SQL a function that determines the smallest value in a set of numbers.

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NULL

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Whether the column has NULL constraint or a NOT NULL constraint.

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null value

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An attribute value that has never been supplied, such values are ambiguous and can mean that (a) the value is unknown,(b) the value is not appropriate , or (c) the value is known to be blank.

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online transaction processing system

(OLTP)

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An operational database system available for, and dedicated to, transaction processing.

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query by example

(QBE)

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A style of query interface, forst developed by IBM but now used by Microsoft Access 2013 and other DBMS products, that enables users to express queries by providing examples of the results they seek.

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schema

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1. In My SQL a synonym for database.

2. A complete logical view of the database.

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set

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In Mathematical set theory, a collection of things (often referred to as objects).

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set operators

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In mathematical set theory, the symbols for operations that may be done with sets. In SQL set operators that mimic set operations are specifically UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, The SQL , logical operators AND, OR and NOT also implement some set theory functionality.

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set theory

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The area of mathematics that works with sets.

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SQL ALL keyword

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Transact- SQL reserved keywords can be as identifiers or names of databases or database objects, such as tables, columns, views, and so on. Use either quoted identifiers or delimited identifiers. Using reserved keywords as the name of variables and stored procedure parameters is not restricted.

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SQL AND operator

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The SQL operator used to combine conditions in an SQL WHERE clause.

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SQL AS keyword

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later

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SQL BETWEEN operator

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The BETWEEN operator is used to select values within a range. The Values can be numbers, text, or dates.

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SQL built in aggregate functions

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In SQL the functions COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, or MIN.

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SQL comment

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Comments can be used to explain sections of SQL statements, can also be used to prevent execution, when testing alternative SQL statements.

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SQL comparison operator

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The equal sign (=) that appears in the WHERE clause or other symbol operator signs.

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SQL DESC keyword

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Thus , to sort first by Prices in descending order and then by OrderNumber in ascending order, we use the sql query.

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SQL DISTINCT keyword

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In a table, a column may contain many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to list the different (distinct) values.

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SQL EXCEPT operator

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The result is all the row values in the first table but not the second.

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SQL expression

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A formula or set of values that determines the exact results of an SQL query. We can think of an SQL expression as anything that follows an actual or implied equal to (=) character(or any other relational operator, such as greater than |>|, less than |<| and so on) or that follows certain SQL keywords,such as LIKE and BETWEEN.

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SQL FROM clause

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The part of an SQL SELECT statement that specifies conditions used to determine which tables are used in a query.

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SQL GROUP BY clause

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The part of an SQL SELECT statement that specifies conditions for grouping rows when determining the query results.

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SQL HAVING clause

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The part of an SQL SELECT statement that specifies conditions used to determine which rows are in groupings in a GROUP BY clause.

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SQL IN operator

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The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.

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SQL inner join

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selects all rows from both tables as long as there is a match between the columns in both tables.

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SQL INNER JOIN phrase

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An sql inner join returns all rows from multiple tables where the join condition is met.

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SQL INTERSECT operator

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The result is all the row values common to both tables.

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SQL IS keyword

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check later

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SQL IS NOT NULL operator

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select only the records with no NULL values in the "Address" column.

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SQL IS NULL operator

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select only the records with NULL values in the "Address" column.

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SQL join operator

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In SQL the process of combining data rows from two tables by using a relational algebra operation on two relations. A and B, which produces a third relation, C, A row of A is concatenated with a row of B to form a new row in C if the rows in A and B meet a restriction concerning their values.

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SQL JOIN keyword

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are used to combine rows from two or more tables.

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SQL JOIN operator

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check later

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SQL JOIN ON syntax

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The SQL syntax used to create an explicit join.

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SQL LEFT JOIN synatax

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The left Join keyword returns all rows from the left table (table 1), with the matching rows in the right table (table 2). The result is NULL in the right side when there is no match.

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SQL left outer join

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The table we want is listed first in the query and is this on the left side of the table listing.

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SQL LIKE operator

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The like operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.

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SQL logical operators

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The operators,AND, OR, and NOT.

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SQL MINUS operator

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check

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SQL NOT BETWEEN operator

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To display the products outside the range of the previous example, NOT BETWEEN:

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SQL NOT IN operator

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check

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SQL NOT LIKE operator

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using NOT keyword allows you to select records that do NOT match the patterns.