Data, Ethics, Case Studies And Observations

Front 1

quantities involves what?

Back 1

numbers

Front 2

age 17 and height is 5'6" comes under quantities or qualities

Back 2

quantities

Front 3

kind and romantic comes under quantities or qualities

Back 3

qualities

Front 4

what does measures of central tendency mean?

Back 4

what tends to be at the centre of your data i.e. mean, mode, medium

Front 5

mean

Back 5

add up all the numbers and then divide by the total amount of numbers

Front 6

advantage of using mean

Back 6

all values have an effect on the final number

Front 7

weakness of using mean

Back 7

extreme values can affect te data in an unfair way

Front 8

mode

Back 8

the most common value

Front 9

advatage of using mode

Back 9

canbe useful where the mean value is distorted by extremes

Front 10

weakness of using mode

Back 10

there can be more than one mde value

Front 11

medium

Back 11

the value in the middle

Front 12

advantage of using medium

Back 12

isn't affected by extreme scores

Front 13

weakness of using medium

Back 13

doesn't take account of the values of all the data, only in the middle

Front 14

measure of dispersion

Back 14

how spread out/are the data?

Front 15

range

Back 15

take the smallest from the biggest

Front 16

standard dispersion

Back 16

a way of working out how spread out the data are that takes account of ALL vales

Front 17

way of dealing with ethica issues: debriefing

Back 17

often good but maybe too late

Front 18

way of dealing with ethical issues: ethics committee

Back 18

but make sure people similar t participants are represented

Front 19

way of dealing with ethical issues: presumptive consent

Back 19

you ask a similar group of people to your participant if they'd be happy with the experiment

Front 20

way of dealing with ethical issues: general prior concent

Back 20

ask people to concent to a broad range of things - possibly including being decieved - there are so many things they unlikely to gues your aim and spoil the test

Front 21

way of dealing with ethical issues: cost-benefit analysis

Back 21

you compare psychological costs to possible benefits (to otheres, NOT to you the psychologist!) - if benefits are higher, go ahead!

Front 22

closed question

Back 22

questions that have a range of answers and the participants have to select one

Front 23

open question

Back 23

a question that allows the participant to write there own reponse

Front 24

likert scale

Back 24

a question that gives a statement and asks the participant to say how much they agree r disagree

Front 25

forced choice question

Back 25

choice which two statements are made and the partcipants ticked which one they agreed with the most

Front 26

filler question

Back 26

could be any kind of question. its a question that is about anything, designed to not let the particiants guess what they are trying to find out

Front 27

advantages of case studies

Back 27

-useful where experiments are unethical or impractical
-natural (not a set up)
-rich, pure data

Front 28

weaknesses of case studies

Back 28

-usually only one persn (difficult to generalise)
-impossible to seperate complex variables

Front 29

independent variables

Back 29

waht you change

Front 30

depentent variables

Back 30

what they measure

Front 31

natural observation

Back 31

you simply observe but dont set anything up

Front 32

controlled observation

Back 32

a controlled situation where you manipulate what happens

Front 33

disadvantages of a natural observation

Back 33

-messsy
-dont no what will happen
-hard to make it natural

Front 34

disadvantages of a controlled observation

Back 34

-dont know the real way they behave
-not real results
-all the same

Front 35

structured observation

Back 35

where you decide in advance what you expect to see and use, e.g. tick boxes or tally charts

Front 36

unstructured observation

Back 36

you record everthing that seems relevant

Front 37

controlled and structured observations are NOT the same. true or false?

Back 37

True

Front 38

time sampling

Back 38

you choose a time interval and record what the person is doing at that time, e.g. every 2 minutes

Front 39

event sampling

Back 39

you have an agreed list of events and record the number of times each one occurs

Front 40

advantages of correlational analysis

Back 40

-useful where experiments are unethical or impratical
-can be easy to collect large amounts of data oruse existing data
-can generate ideas for experiments

Front 41

when do we use correlational analysis?

Back 41

things like comparing smoking and lung cancer, as it is not an experiment because you cant make people have it.

Front 42

disadvantsge of using correlational analysis

Back 42

cant be certain which is the cause and which is the effect - or whether a 3rd varible cause both

Front 43

correlation co-efficients

Back 43

-tells us how close the data are to a straight line
-are between -1 and +1
-the closer to -1 or +1, the closer they are to a straight line
-+1 is a positive correlation and -1 is a negative correlation

Front 44

content analysis

Back 44

away of analysing qualitative data. its away of catergrising the answers to the questions

Front 45

the method of loci

Back 45

1)choose a memorable place or jorney
2)mentally place thing around the place or journey that you need to remember
3)the more vivid the memory, the easiest it is to remember

Front 46

verbal mnemonics = acronym, acrostic, rhymes, chunking

Back 46

acronym - where a word/sentence is turned into initial letters of other words eg. royal air force = RAF
acrostic - where a poemor sentence is the first letter in each line or words forms the item to remember
rhymes - are groups of words with an identity and rhythm eg. using 'twinkle twinkle little star' to remember the alphabet
chunking - diving up long entences to small chunks that are easy to remember eg. telephone numbers

Front 47

visual imagery mnemonics

Back 47

the method of loci, key mords, mind maps, spider diagrams

Front 48

explaing how mnemonis techniques work - role of oranisation (mention Bower)

Back 48

-order helps to make a train of throught
-associations and connections between information (speeds up the pocess of learning and remembering)
-Bower says if organisation is used 2-3 times more likely to remember the information
-makes it easier to retrieve the information

Front 49

explaing how mnemonis techniques work - role of elaboration

Back 49

-mnemoric techniques help us to elaborate information, makes it more meaningful and easier to understand
-maintenance rehearsal is important, however elaborative rehearsal is more effective = understanding the menaing

Front 50

explaing how mnemonis techniques work - qual coding hypothesis (mention Palvio)

Back 50

-pictures and words are processed seperated
-Palvio propesed that if information is coded in words and pictures it will be more likely to be remembered eg. cat and brick
-if linked the 2 words in pictures make it almost double as likely to remember
-is linked to the wmm