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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is numerical data |
Data in the form of any number |
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What is categorical (qualitative) data |
Data that can be sorted into distinct groups or categories |
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What is ordinal data |
Qualitative data that can be ranked (e.g. poor, fair, good, very good) |
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What is nominal data |
Qualitative data that cannot be ranked (e.g. blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes) |
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What does per capita mean |
Per person |
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What does csv stand for and what does it entail |
-comma separated values -data in a list are separated by commas, which then instructs the spreadsheet that the data entry belongs in the next cell of the column |
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What is a terabyte |
10^12 bytes |
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What is a petabyte |
10^15 bytes |
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What is a zetabyte |
10^21 bytes |
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What does it mean for data to be seasonally adjusted |
Changed so that fluctuations due to seasonal factors are removed (e.g. higher unemployment in winter because of farmers) |
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What is population |
All the individuals in a group that is being studied |
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What is a sample |
A group of items or people selected from a population |
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What does variability (in samples) show |
-shows how samples are different from each other -the more similar samples are,the lower the variability and the more accurately they represent the population |
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What does "simple random" sample method entail |
-randomly choosing a specific number of people (ex. Stratified samples and systematic samples) -e.g. drawing out of a hat |
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What does a "systematic" sample method entail |
-putting the population in an ordered list and choosing people at regular intervals -e.g. ordering patients by alphabet, choosing one randomly, selecting rest of the data at regular intervals from original starting point |
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What does a "stratified" sample method entail |
-dividing the sample into groups with the same proportions as those groups in the population -time and cost efficient to conduct |
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What does a "cluster" sample method entail |
-dividing population into groups, randomly choosing a number of the groups, and sampling each member of the chosen group -e.g. randomly choose 5 districts, and survey every baseball player in those districts |
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What does a "multistage" sample entail |
-dividing the population into a hierarchy and choosing a random sample at each level -e.g. randomly selecting 10 stores, randomly selecting 3 dprtmts in each store, randomly selecting 10 employees in each of those departments |
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What does a "convenience" sample method entail |
-choosing individuals from the population who are easy to access -can yield unreliable results since it inadvertently omits large portions of the population -often very inexpensive -e.g. going to a park and asking for opinion |
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What does a "voluntary" sample method entail |
-allow participants to choose whether or not to participate -often the only people who respond are either heavily in favour or heavily against what the survey is about -e.g. conduct an online poll asking people whether banning junk food in schools will fight obesity |
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What is a census |
-a count or survey of a population (e.g. surveying everyone at yur school) |
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What is destructive sampling |
-When the sample is no longer usable, it has been tested and destroyed, or tested and used, no longer in its original form or state -e.g. randomly selecting 10 light bulbs and testing them would be considered a "simple random destructive sampling technique" |
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What is an inference |
A conclusion based on reasoning |
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Who makes up a treatment group? |
The participants in an experiment who receive the specific treatment being measured |
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Who makes up a control group? |
-The participants in an experiment who do not receive the specific treatment being measured -compared to the treatment group |
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How is a leading question phrased? |
So that it could influence the way a person answers |
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What type of things does demographic information include |
Age, gender, level of education, income, residency, ethnicity, etc |
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When does bias occur? How can it result? |
-occurs when there is a prejudice for or against an idea or response -biased samples can result from problems with either the sampling technique or the data collection method -e.g. a survey question that asks you whether you agree that the government should continue to waste money is biased cause it leads ppl to change their opinion |
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What happens in an observational study |
Researcher records behaviour and tries to draw conclusions based on the observations |
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What do experimental studies try to determine and how |
-try to determine the cause and effect relationship between two variables by controlling for one variable to see what effect it has on the other variable |
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What is a longitudinal study |
A type of observational study where researchers measure the same variables over a long period of time, often years or decades |
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What is a cross sectional study |
A type of observational study where researchers measure the variables from a population at one specific point in time |
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What is consumer price index |
-A value that represents a "basket" of goods that are typically purchased by consumers -prices are averaged with each item being weighed by importance -when the CPI is high, it means that prices are high in general and vice versa |
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What are primary source data |
Data that have been collected directly by the researcher and have not been manipulated or summarized |
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What is microdata |
An individual set of data about a single respondent |
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What is secondary source data |
Data used by someone other than those who actually collected them |
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What are aggregate data |
Data that are combined or summarized in such a way that the individual microdata can no longer be determined |
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Many digital files and collections are really ____. Why is a music library a database |
-databases -a music library is a database because every digital recording contains information |
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What does bit rate represent |
How many samples taken per second when samples from analogue versions are converted to digital pieces |
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What is response bias |
When respondents change their answer to influence the results, to avoid embarassment, or to give the answer they think the questioner wants |
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What is sampling bias |
When the sample doesnt closely represent the population |
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What is measurement bias |
When the collection method is such that the characteristics are consistently over-or-under-represented |
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What is non response bias |
When the opinions of respondents differ in meaningful ways from those of non-respondents |
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What is inflation |
An increase in prices over time -when comparing dollar amounts from different time periods, it is important to adjust for inflation |
