Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Are lipids soluble or insoluble in water?
|
insoluble
|
|
|
What is the definition of carbohydrates?
|
carbon compounds with 1:2:1 Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen ratio.
|
|
|
What is maltose?
|
A disaccharide made from two glucose molecules.
|
|
|
What is lactose?
|
A disaccharide made from glucose and galactose.
|
|
|
What is sucrose?
|
A disaccharide made of glucos and fructose.
|
|
|
What are three common disaccharides?
|
maltose, lactose, and sucrose
|
|
|
What reaction forms disaccharides and starches?
|
dehydration synthesis
|
|
|
What are two important points about catalysts?
|
they do not affect the energy transfer of a reaction and are not consumed by the reaction. They only lower the activation energy.
|
|
|
What is the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme?
|
They both help the enzyme function in a biological reaction.
A cofactor is inorganic and a coenzyme is organic. |
|
|
What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors?
|
Competitive prevents enzymes binding substrates by occupying the active site.
Non-competitive prevents this by binding to other site, but still changing the configuration enough to change active site. |
|
|
Allosteric site
|
site of an enzyme that's not the active site.
|
|
|
Where does cellular respiration begin?
|
cytoplasm
|
|
|
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
|
Inside the mitochondria
|
|
|
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
|
In the membrane of the mitochondria.
|
|
|
Is glycolysis exergonic or endergonic?
|
exergonic
|
|
|
What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
|
2 ATP are used up to catabolyze glucose to 2 molecules of G3P
|
|
|
What happens during the energy payoff steps of glycolysis?
|
substrate level phosphorylation to make 4 ATP and 2 NADH
|
|
|
What are the net products of glycolysis?
|
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH
|
|
|
What does the Krebs cycle yield?
|
6 NADH
2 FADH2 CO2 GTP |
|
|
How many ATP does the ETC produce?
|
36
|
|
|
define autotroph.
|
organism that sustains itself by making its own organic food from inorganic materials
|
|
|
Where does the light reaction of photosynthesis take place and what does it create?
|
the thylakoid membrane, ATP and NADH
|
|
|
Where does the dark reaction of photosynthesis take place and what does it create?
|
stroma, turns CO2 into starch, amino and fatty acids, and sucrose
|
|
|
What organisms have cell walls?
|
plants, fungi, and bacteria
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the smooth ER?
|
synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbohydrates detoxification of drugs and poisons |
|
|
explain peroxisomes
|
they create H2O2 to catabolyze large molecules and toxins and convert H2O2 to H2O
|
|
|
What is interphase and how long is a cell in this phase?
|
It is the time when the cell is working (not reproducing)
90% of the cell's life |
|
|
Explain G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
|
They are two of the three phases of interphase. The cell produces proteins and organelles during these phases.
|
|
|
Explain the S phase of the cell cycle.
|
It is one of the three phases of interphase. It is the only phase during which DNA replication occurs. The cell also produces proteins and organelles during this phase.
|
|
|
By what mechanism do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
|
binary fission
|
|
|
How many chromosomes do humans have?
|
46
|
|
|
What occurs during prophase?
|
nuclear envelope disintegrates
DNA condenses (chromatids) Microtubules mitotic spindle near centrioles |
|
|
What occurs during metaphase?
|
centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
mitotic spindle attaches to the centrosome of each chromosome spindle aligns chromosomes to midline |
|
|
What occurs during anaphase?
|
The centromeres break
Spindle pulls sister chromatids to opposite ends |
|
|
What occurs during telophase?
|
Sister chromatids are now at opposite ends
Chromosomes uncondense spindles dissappear nuclear membranes begin to form |
|
|
What occurs during cytokinesis?
|
cytoplasm divides
microfilaments form cleavage furrow cell membrane divides the daughter cells |
|
|
How does mitosis differ in plant cells?
|
vesicles from the golgi apparatus carry cell wall material to midline to form new cell wall
|
|
|
What occurs during prophase I?
|
Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Homologous chromosomes form tetrads, and chiasmata |
|
|
What is polyploidy?
|
When nondisjunction causes one gamete to have more than one copy of a chromosome.
|
|
|
What is aneuploidy?
|
When nondisjunction causes one gamete to have no copies of a certain chromosome.
|
|
|
What are the five Kingdoms?
|
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
|
|
|
Are there more vertebrates or invertebrates in the animal kingdom?
|
invertebrates, 95%
|
|
|
What phyla contains all vertebrates?
|
chordata
|
|
|
Porifera
|
sponge phyla
radial symmetry |
|
|
Cnidarians
|
phyla of coral, anemones, and jellyfish
radial symmetry |
|
|
Platyhelminthes
|
phyla of flukes, tapeworms, and flatworms
bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Nematoda
|
phylum of roundworms (not earthworms)
nematodes are very abundant |
|
|
Mollusca
|
phylum of snails, clams and squid
usually soft bodied with hard covering |
|
|
annelidae
|
phylum of segmented worms (earthworms)
|
|
|
arthropoda
|
phylum of spiders, insects and lobsters
joints and exoskeleton |
|
|
Echinodermata
|
phylum of starfish, urchins, sand dollars, and seacucumbers
pentaradial symmetry |
|
|
micorrhizae
|
fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with plant roots
|
|
|
yeast
|
unicellular fungi
|
|
|
Define endosymbiosis
|
when one unicellular organism engulfs another without destroying it.
|
|
|
What is the mnemonic for the layers of the epidermis?
|
Corn
Lovers Grow Several Barrels |
|
|
What is in the subcutaneous layer?
|
Fat
|
|
|
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
|
Relay info from environment to brain
Thermoregulation Protection from disease, and UV rays |
|
|
What is a Haversian canal?
|
The canal at the center of each osteon in compact bone.
|
|
|
What is a Volkmann's canal?
|
Canal that connects Haversian canals together in compact bone.
|
|
|
synarthroses
|
immovable joints
|
|
|
amphiarthroses
|
joints that allow slight movement (spine)
|
|
|
diarthroses
|
joints that allow free movement
synovial joint |
|
|
Slow Twitch Fibers
|
Red
Lots of Mitochondria Lots of myoglobin work for extended periods |
|
|
Fast Twitch Fibers
|
White
few mitochondria strong quick contraction fatigue rapidly |
|
|
open circulatory system
|
blood bathes the organs directly
|
|
|
closed circulatory system
|
blood travels in a closed loop
|
|
|
erythrocites
|
red blood cells
|
|
|
leukocytes
|
white blood cells
|
|
|
lymphocytes
|
white blood cells that produce antibodies
|
|
|
B-cells
|
humoral immunity
can turn into plasma cells that secrete antibodies |
|
|
T-cells
|
antibodies that directly attach and destroy invaders
|
|
|
systolic pressure
|
maximum pressure in an arterial pulse
|
|
|
diastolic pressure
|
lowest pressure attained during arterial pulse
|
|
|
list the structures that blood passes starting with capillaries.
|
capillaries
Veins Right atrium Triscupid valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Artery(arterioles, capillaries) Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Mitral (semilunar) valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorrta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries |
|
|
Humoral
|
antibody mediated immunity
|
|
|
What are the proteins called that distinguish self from nonself?
|
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
|
|
|
Do polar or nonpolar molecules travel more freely through cell membranes?
|
nonpolar (the lipid bilayer is uncharged)
|
|
|
What invertebrates are most like vertebrates?
|
echinodermata
|
|
|
What are some examples of globular proteins?
|
antibodies (immunoglobins), hemoglobin, and actin
|
|
|
What does tropomyosin do?
|
It blocks myosin binding sites on actin when Ca2+ levels are too low to trigger muscle contraction
|
|
|
Are electrical synapses bidirectional or unidirectional?
|
bidirectional
|
|
|
Are chemical synapses bidirectional or unidirectional?
|
unidirectional
|
|
|
How many different gametes are possible with independent assortment?
|
2^n (n= haploid number)
|
|
|
Define Gastrulation
|
The differentiation of the cells of the blastocyst into the 3 germ cells of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
|
|
|
What polymerizes to form the fibrous portion of a clot?
|
fibrin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
|
|
|
Enamel is formed from what germ layer?
|
ectoderm
|
|
|
symbiosis
|
close relationship between 2 species in a community
|
|
|
mutualism
|
relationship in which both species benefit
|
|
|
commensalism
|
relationship in which one species is helped while the other is neither helped nor hindered
|
|
|
Do protists have cell walls?
|
Most don't have cell walls
|
|
|
What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?
|
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
|
|
|
Describe the ions of metals
|
numerous positive ions blended with large number of electrons
|
|
|
What is Dalton's law?
|
The relative diffusion between two gases is equal to the square root of the inverse of their molecular weights.
A:B=(B/A)^1/2 |
|
|
Does atomic radii increase or decrease from right to left?
|
increase
|
|
|
What volume contains one mole of gas at STP?
|
22.4L
|
|
|
What are colligative properties?
|
properties of solutions that depend solely on the number of molecules in a given volume of solvent
lowering of vapor pressure; elevation of boiling point; depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure. |
|
|
What does amylase breakdown?
|
carbohydrates
|
|
|
What is the pH of the HCl in the stomach?
|
2
|
|
|
What is the upper portion of the small intestine called?
|
Duodenum
|
|
|
What does pepsin breakdown?
|
Protein
|
|
|
What's the purpose of the pancreas?
|
endocrine: puts insulin into blood
exocrine: delivers digestive enzymes to duodenum as well as bicarb to neutralize HCl from stomach |
|
|
What's the purpose of the liver?
|
produces bile to aid in the breakdown of fats
|
|
|
What's the purpose of the gallbladder?
|
Stores bile produced by liver
|
|
|
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
|
Duodenum
Ileum jejunum |
|
|
What's the glomerulus?
|
a ball of capillaries in the kidney that is selectively porous.
|
|
|
What does filtrate pass through starting with the renal artery?
|
renal artery
glomerulus bowman's capsule proximal tubule descending loop of Henle ascending loop of Henle distal tubule collection duct calyx ureter bladder |
|
|
define glial cell
|
cells that play supporting roles to neurons in the nervous system
|
|
|
What type of cells make myelin?
|
Schwann
|
|
|
Define Node of Ranvier
|
space between myelin sheaths where axons show through
|
|
|
Is "gap junction" synonymous with electrical or chemical synapses?
|
electrical
|
|
|
What is the cerebellum in control of?
|
coordination and control of movement
|
|
|
What is the cerebrum in control of?
|
memory
thought sensation movement |
|
|
What is the brainstem in control of?
|
homeostasis
breathing swallowing digestion heart pumping |
|
|
What responses are covered by the sympathetic nervous system?
|
fight and flight
|
|
|
What responses are covered by the parasympathetic nervous system?
|
rest and digest
|
|
|
What are the three main classes of hormones?
|
Steroid (lipophilic)
proteins and peptides (lipophobic) amino acid derivatives (lipophobic) |
|
|
What are the hormones made by the anterior pituitary gland?
|
FLAT PG
Follicle Stimulating Luteinizing Adrenocorticotropic Thyroid stimulating Prolactin Growth |
|
|
What are sertoli cells?
|
cells in the seminiferous tubules that nurture developing sperm
|
|
|
What are leydig cells?
|
cells in the seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone.
|
|
|
What is a gastrula?
|
a stage in embryonic developement when the three germ layers are defined.
|
|
|
What arises from the Ectoderm?
|
SEEN THEN
Sweat glands Epidermis Eye (lens and cornea) Nervous system Tooth enamel Hair Epithelial lining of mouth and rectum Nails |
|
|
What arises from the Mesoderm?
|
SMALL REDMC
Skeletal system Muscle Adrenal cortex Lining of body cavity Lymphatic system Reproductive organs Excretory system Dermis of skin Muscular layer of digestive tract Circulatory System |
|
|
What arises from the Endoderm?
|
PET RULE
Pancreas Epithelial lining of digestive tract Thyroid Reproductive tract lining Urinary tract lining Liver Epithelial lining of respiratory tract |
|
|
What is the chorion?
|
the membrane that surrounds the amnion
|
|
|
What is the amnion?
|
The amnion is a strong sac that houses the fetus and contains the shock absorbing fluid amniotic fluid.
|
|
|
Can a man affected by a sex linked gene pass the gene on to his sons? Why?
|
No, because sex linked genes are only found on X chromosomes and a man only passes Y chromosomes on to his sons.
|
|
|
Define alloy
|
a metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements
|
|
|
What is an Arrhenius base?
|
A substance that produces hydroxide in aqueous solution
|
|
|
What do isotopes differ in?
|
# of neutrons
|
|
|
What does a grignard reaction do?
|
Adds an R group to a carbonyl carbon
|
|
|
What is the IR range for a carbonyl?
|
1700-1750
|
|
|
What does ozonolysis do?
|
It oxidizes both carbons in a C=C double bond into carbonyl groups
|
|
|
What is the range of pKs for carboxyl groups?
|
2-5
|
|
|
define isoelectric point
|
the pH at which a molecule has no net charge.
|
|
|
Define "fitness" according to evolution.
|
ability to produce viable offspring
|
|
|
Define "Cladistics"
|
the study of groupings of organisms
|
|
|
Define "phylograms"
|
a chart that indicates evolutionary relationships (# of genetic changes between species)
|
|
|
define "evolution" genetically
|
changes in allele frequencies of a population
|
|
|
define genetic drift
|
when mutations or random events change the genetic makeup of a population
|
|
|
Define "allopatric speciation"
|
speciation caused by the separation of populations by a geographic barrier
|
|
|
Define "parapatric speciation"
|
speciation caused by a small part of a larger population branching off without a geophic barrier.
|
|
|
define "sympatric speciation"
|
when a new species originates within a larger population usually by genetic mutation
|
|
|
Define "population"
|
a group of organisms from the same species that live in the same niche
|
|
|
define "carrying capacity"
|
the maximum number of individuals in a population
|
|
|
define "K-selected species"
|
have few offspring,but large percent of offspring survive
|
|
|
define "r-selected species"
|
produce large numbers of offspring but only a selected few survive.
|
|
|
define niche
|
the sum of all the resources that a species uses in a community
|
|
|
Define ethology
|
behavioral science
|
|
|
Define "innate behavior"
|
behaviors that are not learned but rather genetically programmed
|
|
|
Define "Imprinted behavior"
|
behavior that is partly learned and partly genetically inherited, like how a gosling genetically knows to follow its "mother" and then learns who their mother is upon birth
|
|
|
Define "Habituation"
|
learning to ignore unimportant stimuli like refrigerator humming
|
|
|
Define "classical conditioning"
|
a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a non-neutral stimulus. Pavlov's dogs.
|
|
|
Define "operant conditioning"
|
A type of associative learning in which the animal associates a behavior with a reward or punishment.
|
|
|
Define "insight learning"
|
when an animal applies previous experience to a new situation
|
|
|
Kin Selection
|
When an animal increases its ability to propagate its genes by sacrificing itself for near relatives (not offspring)
|
|
|
What is the geometry of SO2?
|
Bent
|
|
|
What is the geometry of BeCl2?
|
linear
|
|
|
What is the geometry of NH3?
|
Trigonal pyramidal
|
|
|
What is the geometry of BF3?
|
Trigonal planar
|
|
|
What is the geometry of BH3?
|
Trigonal planar
|
|
|
What is the geometry of CH4?
|
tetrahedral
|
|
|
What is the geometry of CCl4?
|
tetrahedral
|
|
|
Are cations larger or smaller (in radius) than their neutral equivalent?
|
smaller
|
|
|
What is ionization energy?
|
the energy needed to remove one electron from an atom.
|
|
|
What trend does ionization energy follow on the PT?
|
It increases as you move up and to the right.
|
|
|
What is electronegativity?
|
The ability of an atom to acquire another electron.
|
|
|
What is electron affinity?
|
the change in energy when an electron is added to an atom.
|
|
|
What trends to melting and boiling points follow on the PT?
|
they decrease from top to bottom for metals
they increase from top to bottom for nonmetals |
|
|
What does Q<Keq mean?
|
It means that there are more reactants, meaning the reaction will favor the formation of products.
|
|
|
What does Q>Keq mean?
|
It means that there are more products, meaning the reaction will favor the formation of reactants.
|
|
|
What effect will increased pressure have on a reaction at equilibrium?
|
It will cause the reaction to shift to the side that reduces pressure.
|
|
|
What effect will increased volume have on a reaction at equilibrium.
|
It will cause the reaction to shift to the side that increases pressure.
|
|
|
What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation and what is it used for?
|
pH=pKa+log[Base]/[Acid]
used to find the pH of buffers |
|
|
What does it mean if [Base]=[Acid] in a buffer?
|
pH=pKa
|
|
|
What is the solubility product constant Ksp for AxBy?
|
Ksp=(Ay+)^xX(Bx-)^y
|
|
|
What are the oxidation number rules for hydrogen?
|
it is +1 unless preceded by a metal, then it is -1
|
|
|
What is the oxidation number of Fluorine?
|
-1
|
|
|
Is an electrolytic cell spontaneous or nonspontaneous?
|
nonspontaneous
|
|
|
Is a Galvanic cell spontaneous or nonspontaneous?
|
spontaneous
|
|
|
Define "Electromotive Force"
|
the force that pushes electrons through a circuit in a galvanic cell
the potential difference between the electrodes |
|
|
What trend do the alkali metals show concerning metallic character?
|
it increases down the Group
|
|
|
Do alkali metals react easily with nonmetals?
|
yes
|
|
|
Describe the transitional elements
|
most have metallic character
they are good electrical conductors they have unusual characteristics |
|
|
If something is exothermic, is it spontaneous?
|
yes
|
|
|
Define combustion reactions
|
organic material+oxygen-->CO2+H2O
|
|
|
define hydrolysis reaction
|
double-replacement reaction where
Acid+Base-->Salt+H2O |
|
|
What is the average kinetic energy of gas particles proportional to?
|
their absolute temperature
|
|
|
What is a beta particle?
|
an electron
|
|
|
What is the mass and charge of a positron?
|
0 mass, +1 charge
|
|
|
What is the mass and charge of a neutron?
|
1 mass, 0 charge
|
|
|
What is the mass and charge of an alpha particle?
|
4 mass, 2 charge
|
|
|
What is the mass and charge of an beta particle?
|
0 mass, -1 charge
|
|
|
How do you make longer chains of hydrocarbons?
|
2RBr+2Na-->RR+2NaBr
|
|
|
How many feet are in a mile?
|
5,280ft
|
|
|
How many ounces are in a pound?
|
16oz
|
|
|
Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
|
eukaryotes
|
|
|
What system of the body is the thymus most closely linked with?
|
immune (matures the T-cells)
it is also part of the endocrine system |
|
|
What does the neural tube give rise to?
|
the brain and the spinal chord
|
|
|
What three things define a niche?
|
Habitat, food selection, living conditions
|
|
|
ROH + SOCl2 --> ?
|
RCl
|
