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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what 3 things are required of sexual reproduction? |
1. the production of functional sex cells (Gametes)
2. the union of these cells (fertilization) 3. the development of the zygote into another adult. |
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functionally, what are gonads?
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the specialized organs where gametes are produced
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physically, what are gonads?
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the male gonads= testes
the female gonads= ovaries |
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where do testes produce sperm?
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in the tightly coiled seminiferous tubules
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what do ovaries produce?
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eggs AKA "oocytes"
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what is a hermaphrodite?
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species with both functional male and female gonads. (ex: hydra & earthworm)
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what is spermatogenisis and where does it take place?
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sperm production- it takes place in the seminiferous tubules.
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what happens during spermatogenesis?
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diploid cells called spermatogonia undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid sperm.
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what is the anatomy of a mature sperm cell?
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an elongated cell with head (nucleus), tail (flagellum), neck and body (mitochondria).
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what is oogenesis and where does it occur?
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the production of female gametes. occurs in the ovaries.
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what happens during oogenesis?
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one diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis to produce a single mature egg.
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what is produced each mitotic division in oogenesis?
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a polar body- small cell containing little more than a nucleus, that rapidly degenerates.
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what does a mature ovum contain?
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it is a large cell containing most of the cytoplasm, RNA, organelles, and nutrients needed by a developing embryo.
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what is fertilization?
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the union of the egg & sperm nuclei to form a zygote with a diploid number of chromosomes.
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what is the pathway of sperm?
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SEVEN UP
1. seminiferous tubules 2. epididymis 3. vas deferens 4. ejaculatory duct 5. Urethra 6. penis |
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female ovaries consist of thousands of follicles, what is a follicle?
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a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an immature ovum.
follicle cells produce estrogen |
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by what cells is estrogen produced?
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follicle
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estrogen and progesterone are synthesized and secreted by what?
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ovaries
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what is the regulatory pathway concerning secretion of both estrogen and progesterone?
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LH & FSH regulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone.
GnRH regulates LH & FSH |
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what are estrogens?
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steroid hormones required for normal female maturation.
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what are estrogens secreted by?
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1. ovarian follicles
2. corpus luteum |
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what is progesterone secreted by?
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1. corpus luteum (during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle)
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what is progesterone?
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steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
it stimulates maintance of the endometrial walls in preparation for implantation |
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what are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?
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FOLM
1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase 4. menstruation |
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hormal secretions of the ____, _____ & _______ play important roles in the female reproductive cycle.
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1. ovaries
2. hypothalamus 3. anterior pituitary |
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what is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
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begins with the cessation of the menstrual flow from previous cycle.
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from anterior pituitary promotes development of the follicle, which grows and begins secreting estrogen |
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what happens during ovulation?
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a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum mid-cycle.
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what causes ovulation?
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a surge in LH (luteinizing hormone) which is preceeded by a peak in estrogen levels
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what occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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after ovulation, LH causes the ruptured follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone.
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what occurs during menstruation if fertilization does not take place?
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when the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum atrophies. The resulting drop in progesterone and estrogen levels causes the endometrium to come off= period (menses)
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what occurs during menstruation if fertilization does take place?
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if fertilization occurs the placenta produces HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) maintaing the corpus luteum and the supply of progesterone and estrogen
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what form of reproduction do all plants use?
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asexual
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what is binary fission?
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a simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes.
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what are the steps in binary fission?
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DNA replication, new cell wall and plasma membrane form and grow inward dividing the cell in two.
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what is budding?
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a type of asexual reproduction that involves replication of the nucleus followed by unequal cytokenesis.
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what type of reproduction involves unequal cytokenesis?
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Budding- a type of asexual reproduction
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what is regeneration?
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regrowth of a lost body part-
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how does regeneration occur?
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replacement of cells occurs by mitosis.
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in starfish, as long as they have a piece of what part of their body they can regenerate an entire body from an arm?
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the central disk
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what is parthenogenesis?
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the development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism. (ex: male bees develop from unfertilized eggs while female bees develop from fertilized eggs.)
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in plants that alternate between haploid and diploid generations what is the haploid generation called?
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gametophyte
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in plants that alternate between haploid and diploid generations what is the diploid generation called?
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sporophyte
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in plants, has evolution favored sporophyte or gametophyte generations?
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diploid sporophyte
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in plants, do sporophyte or gametophyte generations produce gametes by mitosis?
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haploid gametophyte
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in plants, do gametophytes produce sexually or asexually?
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sexually
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do sporophytes produce sexually or asexually?
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asexually
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