Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
If there are two chains with equal length, precedence goes to...
|
the most highly substituted chain
|
|
|
tert-butyl
|
C(CH3)3
|
|
|
neopentyl
|
CH2C(CH3)3
|
|
|
isopropyl
|
CH(CH3)2
|
|
|
sec-butyl
|
CH(CH3)CH2CH3
|
|
|
isobutyl
|
CH2CH(CH3)2
|
|
|
Alkenes are also called...
|
olefins
|
|
|
When naming alkenes, the parent chain must contain...
|
a double bond
|
|
|
Do double bonds or triple bonds take priority?
|
double bonds
|
|
|
Alkene nomenclature must also contain...
|
cis or trans, E or Z
|
|
|
When naming alkynes, the parent chain should contain...
|
a triple bond
|
|
|
Alcohols are named by replacing the -e of the corresponding alkane with...
|
-ol
|
|
|
When compounds posses a multiple bond and a hydroxyl group, numerical priority is given to...
|
the carbon attached to the -OH
|
|
|
Molecules with two hydroxyl groups are called...
|
diols/glycols
|
|
|
Ethers may have the prefix...
|
alkoxy
|
|
|
Ethers are named by...
|
the groups on either side of the O followed by ether
|
|
|
Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e of the alkane with...
|
-al
|
|
|
Ketones are named by replacing the -e of the alkane with...
|
-one
|
|
|
When naming ketones, the carbonyl group must be...
|
assigned the lowest possible number
|
|
|
Carboxylic acids are named by adding...
|
-oic acid
|
|
|
The carbonyl group of carboxylic acids and aldehydes are named as...
|
number 1
|
|
|
Amines are named by adding...
|
amine to the end
|
|
|
If an additional alkyl group is added to an amine, it is designated by...
|
using the prefix N-
|
|
|
Carboxy is the prefix for...
|
carboxylic acids
|
|
|
Alkoxycarbonyl- is the prefix for...
|
esters
|
|
|
-Oate is the suffix for...
|
esters
|
|
|
Halocarbonyl- is the prefix for...
|
acyl halides
|
|
|
-oyl halide is the suffix for...
|
acyl halides
|
|
|
Amido is the prefix for...
|
amides
|
|
|
Cyano- is the prefix for...
|
nitriles and cyanide
|
|
|
-nitrile is the suffix for...
|
nitriles and cyanide
|
|
|
Oxo- is the prefix for...
|
aldehydes and ketones
|
|
|
Hydroxy- is the prefix for...
|
alcohols
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl- is the prefix for...
|
thiol
|
|
|
Chemical compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in structure
|
isomers
|
|
|
Compounds that share only their molecular formula
|
structural isomers
|
|
|
Compounds that differ from each other only in the way that their atoms are oriented in space
|
stereoisomers
|
|
|
Stereoisomers include...
|
geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and meso compounds
|
|
|
Compounds that differ in the position of substituents attached to a double bond
|
geometric isomers
|
|
|
An example of geometric isomers is...
|
cis and trans compounds
|
|
|
Geometric isomers tend to have similar...
|
chemical reactivity
|
|
|
An object that is not superimposable upon its mirror image
|
chiral
|
|
|
Mirror images that can be superimposed
|
achiral
|
|
|
Chiral objects that are non-superimposable mirror images
|
enantiomers
|
|
|
A compound that has the ability to rotate plane-polarized light
|
optically active
|
|
|
Enantiomers have identical properties except for...
|
optical activity
|
|
|
A mixture of equal concentrations of both the (+) and (-) enantiomers
|
racemic mixture
|
|
|
For any molecule with n chiral centers, there are a possibility of ___ stereoisomers
|
2^n
|
|
|
Stereoisomers that are not mirror images
|
diastereomers
|
|
|
Meso compounds are not...
|
optically active
|
|
|
Compounds that differ only by rotation about one or more single bonds
|
conformational isomers
|
|
|
When the two methyl groups are oriented 180 degrees from each other, the molecule is said to be...
|
staggered
|
|
|
When the two methyl groups are oriented 60 degrees from each other, the molecule is said to be...
|
gauche
|
|
|
When the two methyl groups are 120 degrees apart, the molecule is said to be...
|
eclipsed
|
|
|
The highest energy state is found when molecules are...
|
totally eclipsed, or when the two methyls overlap each other
|
|
|
When bond angles deviate from their ideal values
|
angle strain
|
|
|
When cyclic molecules must assume conformation that have eclipsed interactions
|
torsional strain
|
|
|
When atoms or groups compete for the same space
|
nonbonded strain
|
|
|
To alleviate ring strain, cycloalkanes attempt to adopt...
|
nonplanar conformations
|
|
|
The most stable conformation of cyclohexane is...
|
chair
|
|
|
The least stable conformation of cyclohexane is...
|
boat
|
|
|
Bulky groups prefer...
|
equatorial positions
|
|
|
Two atomic orbitals can be combined to form...
|
molecular orbitals
|
|
|
If the signs of the wave functions are the same...
|
a lower-energy bonding orbital is produced
|
|
|
If the signs of the wave functions are different...
|
a higher-energy antibonding orbital is produced
|
|
|
All single bonds are...
|
sigma bonds
|
|
|
Shorter single bonds are stronger than...
|
longer single bonds
|
|
|
When two p orbitals overlap in a parallel fashion, it forms a...
|
pi bond
|
|
|
A sigma bond and a pi bond form a...
|
double bond
|
|
|
A sigma bond and two pi bonds form a...
|
triple bond
|
|
|
A pi bond cannot exist independently of a...
|
sigma bond
|
|
|
Single bonds are...
|
sp3 hybridized with 109.5 degree angles
|
|
|
Double bonds are...
|
sp2hybridized with 120 degree angles
|
|
|
Triple bonds are...
|
sp hybridzed with 180 degree angles
|
