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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organisms that require an outside source of food:
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D. Heterotroph
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Heat, electricity, solar radiation (X-rays and ultraviolet light), cosmic rays, and radioactivity are examples of what?
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Energy
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What was the "primordial soup?"
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A mixture of organic and inorganic molecules that may have been the source of the first simple life on earth.
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Who set up an experiment to show that the application of energy to a mixture of methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water could result in the formation of complex organic compounds?
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Stanely L. Miller
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What compounds were formed in the experiment to show the synthesis of organic compounds from methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water?
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urea, hydrogen cyanide, acetic acid, and lactic acid
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Chemosynthetic bacteria are:
A. autotrophic anaerobes B. autotrophic aerobes C. heterotrophic anaerobes D. heterotrophic aerobes |
A. Autotrophic anaerobes.
Autotrophic aerobes are photosythetic organisms such as green plants and photoplankton. Hetertrophic anaerobes include yeasts. Heterotrophic aerobes include animals. |
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What is protoplasm?
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The substance of life.
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What are the primary elements of living things?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sullfur, and phosphorus
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What are the tenents of the Cell Theory?
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All living things are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic functional unit of life. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells. Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA, passing it from parent to daughter cell. |
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What is the formula for the total magnification of a light microscope?
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total=magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective
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The diaphragm of a compound light microscope does what?
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Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
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Light microscopes are used to study:
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nonliving stained specimens
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Phase contrast microscopy is used to study:
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living cells
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Electron microscopy is used to study
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nonliving specimens with a greatly increased magnification.
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A cell membrane consists of a phosphlipid bilayer with proteins embed throughout. What is the name of this model?
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fluid mosaic model
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What are carrier proteins for?
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Transportation of large, charged molecules through a cell membrane.
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The nucleus contains:
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DNA
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What is the dense structure inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized called?
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nucleolus
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What is the name of the organelle that is the site of protein production?
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ribosome
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What is the function of the endoplamsic reticulum?
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transportation of materials throughout the cell
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What is the function of the Gogi apparatus?
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receives materials for secretion by the cell, modifies them to their final form, and distributes them to the cell membrane in vesicles
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What is the site of aerobic respiration in the cell?
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mitochondria
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Where do most of the cell's metabolic activity occur?
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cytoplasm
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What is the function of the centrioles?
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specialized microtubules that organize genetic information during cell division. Only found in animal cells.
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Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes for digestion?
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lysosome
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If a cell is in hypertonic solution, what will happen to the cell?
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Water will flow out of the cell into the higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. This process is also called plasmolysis.
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If a cell is in hypotonic solution, what will happen to the cell?
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Water will flow into the cell since the cytoplasm has a higher solute concentration than the outside solution. This will cause the cell to swell and burst, or lyse.
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Does facilitated diffusion require ATP?
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No. Solutes move down their concentration gradients using special channels or proteins in the cell membrane.
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Which of these is NOT a form of intracellular circulation?
A. Brownian movement B. diffusion C. Cyclosis D. Endoplasmic Reticulum |
B. Diffusion is a form of extracellular circulation.
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Diffusion can only occur if:
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cells are in close contact with the external environment or an appropriate circulatory transport fluid.
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Enzymes effect reaction rates by:
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decreasing activation energy of the reaction
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The molecule upon which an enzyme acts is:
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the substrate
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Where does the substrate bind on an enzyme?
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The active site
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Will increasing the concentration of the substrate always increase the reaction rate? Why?
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No. It will increase the rate until all of the active sites are occupied. After this, adding more substrate makes no difference.
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What do these enzymes have in common: lactase, protease, and lipase?
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all catalyze hydrolysis of larger molecules into smaller components
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What is the nonprotein component of an active enzyme?
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cofactor
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What is the purpose of glycolysis?
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1. glucose catabolism to pyruvate
2. production of ATP 3. reduction of NAD+ to NADH |
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What type of ATP synthesis occurs during glycolysis? How many net ATP are produced?
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substrate-level phosphorylation
2 ATP |
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Pyruvate fermentation is done to regenerate what?
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the NAD+ used in gycolysis
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Why do muscles feel fatigued after strenuous exercise?
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Build up of lactic acid due to the muscle cells using lactic acid fermentation as the oxygen supply is depleted.
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How many ATP does cellular respiration yield per glucose molecule?
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36-38 ATP
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What must be done to pyruvate before it enters the Citric Acid?
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decarboxylation and transfer to CoASH within the mitochondria. Forms acetyl-CoA. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
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What is another name for the Citric Acid Cycle?
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Krebs cycle
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How many ATP are formed during the Citric Acid Cycle and how are they formed?
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2 ATP are formed via the substrate level phosphorylation of GDP into GTP.
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What are the main products of the Citric Acid Cycle, per molecule of glucose?
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2 GTP/ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
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Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?
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inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane
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What is the purpose of the ETC?
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To transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2, releasing free energy to power oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
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Which makes more ATP from one molecule of glucose, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes make 38 ATP. Eukaryotes make 36 since the NADH from glycolysis (which takes place in the cytosol) must spend ATP to move their electrons into the mitochondria.
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How are fats utilized as an alternate energy source?
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Fats are stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides. These are hydrolized by lipases into glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is converted to GAP (takes 2 ATP), which enters glycolysis. Fatty acids are broken down via beta-oxidation into several acetyl-CoA molecules which enter TCA. This also produces NADH and FADH2.
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How are proteins broken down for use as an energy source?
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The amino acids undergo transamination to an alpha-keto acid. These are converted to acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, or a TCA intermediate, depending on the specific amino acid.
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What is oxidative deamination?
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It removes ammonia directly from amino acids.
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Sunlight::photosynthesis
inorganic molecules::? |
chemosynthesis
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What is the most important, most widespread enzyme on the planet, and why is it important?
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ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxidase (RuBisCo)
It is responsible for carbon fixation, removing inorganic CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it into an organic form usable by other organisms. |
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What is the end product of the Calvin Cycle?
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6 GAP, one of which is used to make glucose, the other 5 are recycled into RBP and fix another CO2.
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Photosynthesis produces ATP via a electron chain, like in mitochondria. What is the electron donor in the chloroplasts?
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H2O is oxidized to O2.
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