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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two major regulatory systems that release chemicals?
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endocrine system- hormones
nervous system-neurotransmitters |
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epinephrine functions as both a hormone and a ....?
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neurotransmitter
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where are hormones produced?
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ductless (endocrine) glands
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how to hormones travel?
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through the blood
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what are tropic hormones?
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hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones
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what is the hypothalamus a bridge between?
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endocrine and nervous system
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how does the hypothalamus bridge the nervous and endocrine systems?
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under stress it signals the release of adrenaline; it acts as a nerve when it secretes gonadotropic-releasing hormone (GnRH) from neurosensory cells that stimulate the anterior pit to release LH and FSH
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the hypothalamus produces ocytocin and ADH which it store where?
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posterior pituitary
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what controls hunger/thirst ?
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hypothalamus
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how does positive feedback work?
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enhances an already existing response
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what is negative feedback?
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a common mechanism in the endocrine system that mantains homeostasis
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what are the two types of hormones?
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1) lipid / steroid hormones
2) protein / peptide hormones |
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how do lipid / steroid hormones work?
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they diffuse through the PM and bind to receptor inside nucleus that triggers cell response
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how do protein / peptide hormones work?
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bind to receptor on suface of cell which triggers a secondary messenger (c-AMP) to convert extracellular signal to a specific response
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can protein / peptide hormones dissolve in PM?
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no
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what are tropic hormones???
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hormones that stimulate other glands!
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growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are secreted by what gland?
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anterior pituitary
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what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
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-Growth hormone
-Lutenizing hormone -Follicle stimulating hormone -Adrenocorticotropic hormone -Thyroid-stimluating hormone |
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what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
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Oxytocin & ADH
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what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
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thyroxin and calcitonin
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thyroxin and calcitonin are secreted by what gland?
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thyroid
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what hormone does the parathyroid secrete?
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parathormone
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what gland excretes cortisol?
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Adrenal cortex
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what gland secretes epenephrine and norepinephrine?
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Adrenal medulla
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what gland secretes thymosin?
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thymus
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what does the pineal gland secrete?
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melatonin
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what hormone do the ovaries secrete?
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estrogen and progesterone
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what hormone do the testes secrete?
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androgens
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what does thyroxin do?
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controls metabolic rate
(secreted by the thyroid) |
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what does calcitonin do?
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lowers blood calcium levels
(secreted by thyroid) |
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what does parathormone do?
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raises blood calcium level
(secreted by parathyroid) |
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what does cortisol do?
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raise blood sugar level
(secreted by adrenal cortex) |
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what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
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increase blood sugar level by increasing rate of glycogen breakdown in liver
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what does the pancreas secrete?
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insulin - B cells
glucagon- a cells |
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what does insulin do?
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lowers blood glucose levels
(secreted by pancreas) |
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what does glucagon do?
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raises blood glucose levels by causing breakdown of glycogen into glucose
(secreted by pancreas) |
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what is thymosin?
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secreted by thymus and stimulates t-lymphocytes (WBC)
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what is melatonin?
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involved in biorhythms
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what is adrenocorticotropic hormone?
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secreted by anterior pituitary and stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
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where are the adrenal glands situated?
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on top of the kidneys
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what are the two adrenal glands?
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adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla
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what are the 3 types of corticosteriods secreted from the adrenal cortex? from what are they all derived?
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1- glucocorticoids
2- mineralocorticoids 3- cortical sex hormones all derived from cholesterol |
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what are mineralocorticoids?
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think: aldosterone! a type of corticosteriod secreted by adrenal cortex that regulates extracellular water volume
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what is aldosterone?
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a mineralocorticoid (secreted by adrenal cortex) that causes active reabsorption of sodium and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron.
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what is the affect of aldosterone?
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increase in blood volume and blood pressure
excess aldosterone = high blood pressure |
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what are the cortical sex hormones?
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very small amount of androgen is secreted from adrenal cortex.
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how to remember the hormones of anterior pituitary....
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FLAT PiG
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what are the 2 direct hormones of anterior pituitary?
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-GH (growth hormone)
-Prolactin (milk production) |
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what are the tropic hormones of anterior pituitary?
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"flat"
FSH LH ACTH TSH & MSH (melanocyte-stim.hor.) |
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what is the hypothalamus?
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part of the forebrain located directly above pituitary gland
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what is both an exocrine organ AND endocrine organ?
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pancreas
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the endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by small glandular structures called what?
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islets of langerhans
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what increases ca? what decreases it?
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Parathyroid (parathormone) increases
calcitonin - decreases it! (thyroid) |
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insulin and glucagon have what effects of glucose level??
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insulin= decrease
glucagon= increase |
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GH, glucocorticoids, glucagon and epinephrine are all capable of what?
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increases glucose levels
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when blood volume falls, the kidneys produce what?
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renin- an enzyme that ultimately stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone to restore blood volume by increasing sodium absorption in kidney.
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peptide hormones...
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require surface receptors and act via a secondary messenger (C-AMP)
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steroid hormones...
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can enter cells and bind to intracellular receptors
(lipid) |
