Dat Biology- Respiration

Front 1

Cellular respiration chemical equation

Back 1

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->
6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

Front 2

Glycolysis

Back 2

The decomposition of glucose to pyruvate.

Nine intermediates are formed and glycolysis takes one glucose --> 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net of 2ATP. *Occurs in the cytosol

Front 3

The Krebs Cycle

Back 3

Every pyruvate (2 from glycolysis) is transformed into acetyl CoA. This step produces 1 NADH and 1 CO2.

The Kreb's cycle actually begins when acetyl CoA combines to form citrate. There are seven intermediates. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and CO2 is released. *Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 4

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 4

The process of extracting ATP from NADH and FADH2. Electrons pass along an electron transport chain. The chain consists of proteins that pass these electrons from one protein to the next.

The final electron acceptor is oxygen and combines with hydrogen to form water. *Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 5

Aerobic respiration theoretical yield

Back 5

The breakdown of one glucose molecule results in the production of 36 ATP.

Front 6

Chemiosmosis

Back 6

The mechanism of ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration gradient across a membrane.

As electrons are transported down the ETC, H+ ions are transported to the intermembrane space and the concentration of H+ increases. This gives the proton gradient.

Front 7

ATP synthase

Back 7

A channel protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane allows the protons in the intermembrane space to flow back into the matrix.

Front 8

Substrate level phosphorylation vs. oxidative phosphorylation

Back 8

Substrate level occurs during glycolysis and involves the phosphate group and its associated energy transferring to ADP to form ATP.

Oxidative occurs when a phosphate group is added to ADP to form ATP but the energy for the bond does not accompany the phosphate group. This is the energy used to generate the H+ gradient which supplies the energy to ATP synthase.

Front 9

Anaerobic respiration

Back 9

If oxygen is not present, the Krebs cycle and glycolysis would eventually stop due to the accumulation of NADH.

Some cells use anaerobic respiration to prevent this from happening. Two common pathways- alcohol and lactic acid fermentation- are used to replenish NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. *Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytosol alongside glycolysis

Front 10

Alcohol fermentation

Back 10

Occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde and CO2. This CO2 is the source of carbonation in drinks.

Acetaldehyde changes to ethanol and NAD+. Yields 2 ATP from glycolysis for each 2 converted pyruvate.

Front 11

Lactic acid fermentation

Back 11

Pyruvate is converted into lactate and in the process, NADH gives up its electrons to form NAD+. That product can then be used for glycolysis.

In humans, most lactate is transported to the liver where it is converted back to glucose when surplus ATP is available.

Front 12

NADH yields _____ ATP

FADH2 yields _____ ATP

Back 12

3 vs. 2

Front 13

Where does glycolysis take place?

Back 13

In the cytosol

Front 14

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Back 14

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 15

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Back 15

In the matrix, the fluid in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 16

Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 16

When a phosphate group and its associated energy is transferred to ADP to form ATP
*The type that occurs during glycolysis

Front 17

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 17

Occurs when a phosphate group is added to ADP to form ATP but the energy for the bond does not follow (energy provided by electrons in the chain).