Dat Biology 1

Front 1

Catabolic Reactions

Back 1

Metabolism
Break down large chemicals and release energy

Front 2

Anabolic Reactions

Back 2

Metabolism
Build up large chemicals and require energy

Front 3

Absorption

Back 3

Passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body. Absorbed molecules pass through cells lining digestive tract via diffusion or active transport.

Front 4

Transport

Back 4

Circulation of essential compounds required to nourish the tissues and removal of waste products from tissues.

Front 5

Assimilation

Back 5

Building up of new tissues from digested food materials

Front 6

Respiration

Back 6

Consumption of oxygen by the body. Cells use the oxygen to convert glucose to ATP.

Front 7

Synthesis

Back 7

Creation of complex molecules from simple ones.
Anabolism

Front 8

Homeostasis

Back 8

Regulation by hormones and the nervous system of the body to maintain its internal environment in changing external environment

Front 9

What elements are the primary components of living things?

Back 9

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus

Front 10

What are some components (elements) of the protoplasm?

Back 10

Magnesium
Iodine
Iron
Calcium

Front 11

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Back 11

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Front 12

Uses of carbohydrates

Back 12

Store energy: glucose and glycogen (animals) or starch (plants)
Structural molecules

Front 13

How are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed?

Back 13

Dehydration synthesis

Front 14

Example of monosaccharides

Back 14

Glucose
Fructose
Glactose
Mannose

Front 15

Example of disaccharides

Back 15

Maltose

Front 16

Example of polysaccharides

Back 16

Cellulose
Starch

Front 17

Composition of lipids

Back 17

Three fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol backbone.
Do not form polymers

Front 18

Fatty Acids

Back 18

Composed of long carbon chains that make them hydrophobic and carboxylic acid groups that make them acidic.

Front 19

Are polysaccharides water soluble?

Back 19

Not all of them, structural polysaccharides like cellulose are not

Front 20

Role of Lipids

Back 20

Chief means of food storage- release more energy per gram weight than any other biological compounds.
Provide insulation- major component of fatty tissue (adipose)

Front 21

Phospholipids

Back 21

Contain glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group and nitrogen-containing alcohol

Front 22

Waxes

Back 22

Esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols

Front 23

Steroids

Back 23

Have three fused cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring

Front 24

Examples of steroids

Back 24

Cholesterol
Sex hormones
Corticosteroids

Front 25

Carotenoids

Back 25

Fatty acid like carbon chains with conjugated double bonds carrying six membered carbon rings at each end.
These are pigment molecules which produce red orange yellow and brown

Front 26

Carotenes and xanthophylls are

Back 26

subgroups of carotenoids

Front 27

Poryphyrins

Back 27

Contain four joined pyrrole rings that are often complexed with a metal. heme with iron is hemoglobin and chlorophyll with mg

Front 28

Protein composition

Back 28

Polymers of amino acids
Composed of C, H, O,and N and sometimes P and S

Front 29

Peptide bonds join together ___________ via ____________ reactions

Back 29

Amino acids
Dehydration

Front 30

Primary Structure of Proteins

Back 30

Sequence of amino acids

Front 31

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Back 31

Proteins coil and fold to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets

Front 32

Argininine, Lysine and Histidine are examples of

Back 32

Amino Acids

Front 33

Simple proteins

Back 33

Composed entirely of amino acids

Front 34

Albumins and Globulins

Back 34

Functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes
Globular in nature

Front 35

Scleroproteins

Back 35

Fibrous structural proteins
Example: collagen

Front 36

Conjugated Proteins

Back 36

Contain a simple protein portion plus at least one nonprotein fraction

Front 37

Mucoproteins

Back 37

Protein bound to a carbohydrate

Front 38

Chromoprotein

Back 38

Protein bound to pigmented molecules

Front 39

Metalloproteins

Back 39

Protein complexed around a metal ion

Front 40

Nucleoproteins

Back 40

Proteins containing histone or protamine bound to nucleic acids

Front 41

Function of Hormones

Back 41

Chemical messengers secreted into the circulation

Front 42

Insulin and ACTH are examples of

Back 42

Hormones

Front 43

Enzymes- Function

Back 43

Lower Activation energy
increase the rate of the reaction
do not affect the overall delta G of the reaction
Are not changed of consumed in the course of the reaction

Front 44

Structural Proteins

Back 44

Extracellular or intracellular proteins that contribute to physical support of cell/tissue

Front 45

Transport Proteins

Back 45

Carriers of important materials

Front 46

Antibodies

Back 46

Bind to foreign particles
Proteins

Front 47

Substrate

Back 47

Molecule on which an enzyme acts

Front 48

Active Site

Back 48

Area on enzyme where substrate binds

Front 49

Lock and Key Theory (enzyme function)

Back 49

Enzyme function
Spacial structure of enzyme's active site is complementary to spatial structure of substrate.
Largely discounted

Front 50

Induced Fit Theory (enzyme function)

Back 50

Active site has flexibility of shape. Conformation changes when appropriate substrate comes in contact

Front 51

What are the effects of concentration on enzyme activity?

Back 51

reaction rate will increase with incraseing concentration as long as there are active sites empty, once all active sites are occupied increasing substrate concentrations will not effect reaction rates

Front 52

Hydrolysis Reaction- Function

Back 52

Digest large molecules into smaller components
Involve enzyme use

Front 53

As temperature increases, rate of eznyme action

Back 53

Increases up to an optimal temperature which could deactivate the enzyme by denaturing it

Front 54

How does pH effect enzyme activity?

Back 54

There is usually an optiaml pH above and below which enzymatic activity declines.
Usually 7.2 is optimal pH

Front 55

Lactase

Back 55

Enzyme that hydrolyses lactose to monosaccharides glucose and galactose
Hydrolysis reaction

Front 56

Proteases and lipases

Back 56

Enzyme that degrades proteins to amino acids and lipases
Hydrolysis reaction

Front 57

Synthesis Reactions- Function

Back 57

Growth, repair, regulation, protection and production of food reserves.

Front 58

Cofactors

Back 58

Nonprotein molecules required by some enzymes for them to become active

Front 59

Prosthetic Groups

Back 59

Cofactors which bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds

Front 60

Nucleic Acids- Composition

Back 60

Contain elements C, H, O, N, P
Polymers of nucleotides

Front 61

Function of nucleic acids

Back 61

Code all of the information required by an organism to produce proteins and replicate

Front 62

Cell Theory

Back 62

All living things are composed of cells
Cell is basic unit of life
Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA which is passed from parent to daughter cell

Front 63

Resolution

Back 63

Differentiation of two closely situated objects

Front 64

Types of Microscopes

Back 64

Compound Light Microscope
Phase Contrast Microscope
Electron Microscope

Front 65

Compound Light Microscope

Back 65

Uses two lenses or lens systems to magnify objects
Kills specimen

Front 66

Phase Contrast Microscope

Back 66

Permits study of living cells, it uses differences in refractive indexes to permit contrast between cellular structures

Front 67

Electron Microscopy

Back 67

Uses beam of electrons to produce higher magnification than other microscopes.
not used to examine live specimen

Front 68

Centrifugation

Back 68

Used to separate cells or mixtures of cells without destroying them by spinning the fragmented cells at high speeds

Front 69

What parts of the cell membrane move freely within the membrane?

Back 69

Lipids and Proteins

Front 70

Is the cell membrane permeable to water?

Back 70

Yes, and small molecules like Oxygen

Front 71

Carrier Proteins

Back 71

Assist large, charged molecules in crossing the membrane

Front 72

Histones

Back 72

Complexed with DNA to form chromosomes

Front 73

Nucleolus

Back 73

Dense structure in nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs

Front 74

Glycosylation occurs in the

Back 74

Golgi apparatus

Front 75

Mitochondria are the sites of

Back 75

aerobic respiration

Front 76

Cyclosis

Back 76

Transport with in the cytoplasm

Front 77

Vacuoles and Vesicles

Back 77

Membrane bound sacs involved in transport and storage of materials
Vacuoles- plant cells

Front 78

Centrioles

Back 78

Specialized microtubule involved in spindle organization
Plant cells do not have centrioles

Front 79

Hydrolytic Enzymes

Back 79

Used for intracellular digestion
Found in lysosomes

Front 80

Difference between plant cells and animal cells

Back 80

In plants:
no centrosome
cell wall of cellulose
chloroplasts
many vacuoles or one large vacuole

Front 81

Osmosis

Back 81

Simple diffusion of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Front 82

Lysis and plasmolysis

Back 82

Lysis=When water flows from hypotonic solution to inside of cell causing it to burst
Plasmolysis=When water flows out of the cell into a hypertonic solution causing the cell to shrivel

Front 83

Facilitiated Diffusion
Passive Transport

Back 83

Net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through channels or carrier proteins in cell membrane
Does not require energy

Front 84

Active Transport

Back 84

Net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradient with help of transport proteins
Requires energy

Front 85

Brownian Movement

Back 85

Movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout cytoplasm

Front 86

Cyclosis/Streaming

Back 86

Circular movement of cytoplasm around cell transport molecules

Front 87

Diffusion

Back 87

Means of transport for food and oxygen from the environment to the cells

Front 88

Circulatory System

Back 88

In complex animals- vessels transport fluid and a pump drives circulation

Front 89

What are the two means of movement of materials?

Back 89

Diffusion or a circulatory system

Front 90

Karyokineses

Back 90

Nuclear division

Front 91

Cytokinesis

Back 91

Cell division

Front 92

Interphase

Back 92

90% of cell life
Each chromosome is replicated forming two sister chromatids and are held together by the centromere that joins the two.
Individual chromosomes are not visible because they are not condensed, and is still in the form of chromatin

Front 93

Prophase

Back 93

Chromosomes condense and centriole pairs separate and move towards opposite poles
Spindle apparatus forms and nuclear membrane dissolves

Front 94

Metaphase

Back 94

Spindle fibers attach to chromatids aligning them at the center of cell forming metaphase plate

Front 95

Anaphase

Back 95

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward opposite poles

Front 96

Telophase

Back 96

Spindle apparatus has disappeared
Nuclear membrane forms around newly formed chromosomes
Chromosomes uncoil resuming interphase form

Front 97

Cytokinesis

Back 97

Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells and cleavage furrow forms separating two nuclei.

Front 98

Plant Cell Division

Back 98

Plant cells lack centrioles
Do not form cleavage furrow- divide by formation of cell plate

Front 99

Difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Back 99

Mitosis preserves diploid number of cell, meiosis produces haploid number and produces four haploid gametes

Front 100

Prophase I

Back 100

Chromatin condenses, spindle apparatus forms.
Chromosomes come together and intertwine
Crossing over takes place.