Dat Bio Ch 12 Animal Behavior

Front 1

automatic responses to simple stimuli

Back 1

reflex

Front 2

simple reflex controller

Back 2

spinal cord

Front 3

pathway of simple reflex

Back 3

sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

Front 4

complex reflexes

Back 4

reflex patterns that involve higher level neural integration (brainstem or cerebrum)

Front 5

example of a complex reflex

Back 5

startle response - alerts animal to a significant stimulus

uses neurons of the reticular activating system

Front 6

fixed-action pattern

Back 6

complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment

Front 7

stimulus that elicits fixed-action patterns

Back 7

releaser

Front 8

innate

Back 8

not learned

Front 9

example of fixed-action pattern

Back 9

care female birds give to their species' eggs, herding and flocking instinct

Front 10

circadian rhythms

Back 10

24 hour behavior cycles, maintained both internally and externally

Front 11

example of environmental stimuli

Back 11

stopping at a red light

Front 12

adaptive responses

Back 12

aspect of learning

Front 13

predominate determinants of behavioral patterns in lower animals

Back 13

instincts, innate behaviors

little to no modification

Front 14

response to the environment in higher animals

Back 14

learned behavior

Front 15

capacity for learning adaptive responses is closely correlated to___

Back 15

neurologic development - flexibility of the nervous system, cerebral cortex

Front 16

habituation

Back 16

suppression of the normal startle response to stimuli by repeated stimulation which weakens to normal autonomic response

Front 17

spontaneous recovery

Back 17

recovery of the autonomic response that has been habituated after that stimulus is no longer regularly applied

Front 18

Pavlovian conditioning

Back 18

association of a normally autonomic response with an environmental stimulus

Front 19

conditioned reflex

Back 19

response learned through Pavlovian conditioning

Front 20

Pavolov's experiment

Back 20

studied salivation reflex in dogs to better understand digestive physiology
conditioned dogs to salivate on hearing an arbitrary stimulus (a bell)

Front 21

unconditioned stimulus

Back 21

stimulus of an innate reflex

Front 22

unconditioned response

Back 22

natural response of an innate reflex

Front 23

neutral stimulus

Back 23

during conditioning, a stimulus that will not elicit a response originally. It is presented along with the unconditional stimulus and becomes a conditioned stimulus.

Front 24

conditioned reflex

Back 24

product of the conditioning experience

Front 25

conditioning

Back 25

the establishment of a new reflex by the addition of a new, previously neutral stimulus to the set of stimuli that are already capable of triggering the response

Front 26

pseudoconditioning

Back 26

conditioning with a neutral stimulus that actually able to elicit the response before conditioning

Front 27

operant/instrumental conditioning

Back 27

conditioning responses to stimuli with the use of reward or reinforcement

Front 28

B. F. Skinner's experiment

Back 28

use of a cage with a lever or button that would release food on pressing. demonstrated the principles of operant conditioning

Front 29

positive reinforcement

Back 29

reward (food, light, stimulation to brain pleasure centers) for performing a desired behavior. positive connection between behavior and reward. animals was much more likely to repeat the behavior. Likely involved in normal habit formation.

Front 30

negative reinforced

Back 30

reward for not performing a certain behavior. negative connection between action and reward. animal is less likely to repeat the behavior.

Front 31

punishment

Back 31

conditioning to stop exhibiting a behavior pattern by hurting the animal every time the behavior appears. negative connection between stimulus and response. behavior is less likely to appear.

Front 32

habit family hierarchy

Back 32

hierarchy of behaviors associated with a particular stimulus. higher behaviors are more likely to appear, lower levels are less likely to appear. reward and punishment of certain behaviors can reorder the hierarchy

Front 33

extinction of conditioned behavior

Back 33

elimination of the conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement.

Front 34

extinction of operant conditioning

Back 34

response diminishes and is eliminated by absence of reinforcement. it is inhibited by lack of reinforcement. will reappear of reinforcement returns

Front 35

extinction of classical conditioning

Back 35

if unconditional stimulus is removed or was not sufficiently paired with the conditional stimulus the conditioning can be eliminated. spontaneous recovery of the conditioning can occur.

Front 36

stimulus generalization

Back 36

the ability of a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli that are similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus.

Front 37

stimulus discrimination

Back 37

the ability of the learning organism to respond differently to slightly different stimuli

Front 38

stimulus generalization gradient

Back 38

stimuli further and further away from the original conditioned stimulus elicit responses with decreasing magnitude

Front 39

imprinting

Back 39

a process in which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a brief critical period in early life become accepted permanently as an element of its behavior environment

Front 40

Konrad Lorenz experiment

Back 40

first identified imprinting by swimming with newly hatched ducklings that were separated from their mother and began following him around

Front 41

critical period

Back 41

specific time periods during an animal's early development when it is physiologically able to develop specific behavioral patterns.

Front 42

visual critical period

Back 42

period of time that light must be present for an animal's visual effectors to develop properly

Front 43

behavioral display

Back 43

innate behavior that has evolved as a signal for communication between members of the same species

includes reproductive displays, agonistic displays, and various dances, auditory, visual, chemical, and tactile elements used as a means of communication

Front 44

what is the purpose of the dances of honeybee scouts?

Back 44

scouts convey information of quality and location of food sources to the rest of the hive

Front 45

pecking order

Back 45

social hierarchy that defines dominance and subordinance of members of a species, minimizing aggression and creating stable relationships

Front 46

territoriality

Back 46

members of a species defending an area for the purpose of mating, nesting, and feeding. Acts to distribute members of the species so environmental resources are not depleted. size of territories varies with population size and density

Front 47

pheromones

Back 47

chemicals that influence the behavior of other members of the same species via olfactory sense

Front 48

releaser pheromones

Back 48

trigger a reversible behavioral change

examples: sex-attractants, alarm, toxic defensive substances

Front 49

primer pheromones

Back 49

produce long-term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient animals

examples: pheromones from male mice may affect the estrous cycle of female mice, used to regulate role determination of social insects