Dat Bio Ch 10 Digestion

Front 1

ingestion

Back 1

eating

Front 2

digestion

Back 2

the degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules, which can be absorbed into the blood stream

Front 3

intracellular digestion

Back 3

digestion within the cell's vesicles, lysosomes

Front 4

extracellular digestion

Back 4

digestive process that occurs outside the cell within a lumen or tract

Front 5

method of food capture by unicellular organisms

Back 5

phagocytosis

Front 6

what happens to food after phagocytosis

Back 6

food enters food vacuole, lysosome fuse with the vacuole and release digestive enzymes, resulting simpler molecules diffuse into the cytoplasm, any unusable end products are eliminated

Front 7

digestion in paramecium

Back 7

cilia sweep food into the oral groove and cytopharynx, put into food vacuole at base of cytopharynx, vacuole moves to anterior end of cell, food is digested, and wastes are expelled out the anal pore

Front 8

what is the benefit of physically breaking down food?

Back 8

breaks large particles into smaller ones, more surface area for enzymes to act on the food

Front 9

chemical breakdown

Back 9

action of enzymes on food

Front 10

digestion of cnidarians (hydra)

Back 10

tentacles bring food to mouth, gastrodermal cavity cells secrete enzymes to break down food, small food fragments are engulfed by the gostrodermal cells, and digestion is completed internally. undigested food is expelled through the mouth

Front 11

what is the benefit of the one-way digestive tract?

Back 11

allows specialization of different parts for different functions

Front 12

sections of primitive digestive tract of annelids and arthropods

Back 12

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop (food storage), gizzard (food grinding), intestine with typholosole fold to increase surface area for absorption, and anus

Front 13

difference between arthropod and annelid digestion

Back 13

have jaws for chewing and salivary glands to improve food digestion

Front 14

human digestive tract

Back 14

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Front 15

human digestive accessory organs

Back 15

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Front 16

mastication

Back 16

mechanical breakdown of food in oral cavity by biting and chewing with teeth

Front 17

saliva

Back 17

beginning of chemical digestion in oral cavity, contains amylase which hydrolyzes starch to maltose. also lubricates the food for swallowing and provides a solvent for particles

Front 18

peristalsis

Back 18

rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contractions that move food down the esophagus

Front 19

pepsin

Back 19

protein-hydrolyzing enzyme of the stomach

Front 20

purpose of mucus lining of stomach

Back 20

protect stomach lining from HCl

Front 21

function of HCl in the stomach

Back 21

kills bacteria, dissolves intercellular bonds of food, activates certain proteins

Front 22

chyme

Back 22

acidic mixture of partially digested food that leaves the stomach

Front 23

duodenum

Back 23

first segment of the small intestine, attached to the stomach by the pyloric sphincter

Front 24

where is chemical digestion completed?

Back 24

small intestine

Front 25

three sections of the small intestine

Back 25

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 26

how is the small intestine highly adapted to absorption?

Back 26

maximum surface area- very long, highly coiled, covered in vili

Front 27

vili

Back 27

projections from the wall of the small intestine that increase surface area, contain capillaries for absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides, contain lacteals of the lymphatic system for absorption of fatty acids and glycerol (fats

Front 28

area of chemical digestion of small intestine

Back 28

duodenum

Front 29

lipase

Back 29

enzyme for fat digestion, secreted in the duodenum

Front 30

aminopeptidase

Back 30

enzyme for polypeptide digestion, secreted in the duodenum

Front 31

disaccharidases

Back 31

enzymes for digestion of maltose, lactose, and sucrose, secreted in duodenum

Front 32

lactose intolerance

Back 32

lack of lactase production in duodenum prevents lactose digestion in some adults. intestinal bacteria metabolize it, causing intestinal discomfort

Front 33

bile

Back 33

made in liver, stored in gall bladder, released into duodenum, emulsifies fats into small droplets for better action of lipase

Front 34

digestive functions of pancreas

Back 34

produces amylase, trypsin (protein digestion), lipase, and secretes a bicarbonate-rich juice that neutralizes the acidic chyme

Front 35

function of large intestine

Back 35

absorption of salts and water

Front 36

rectum

Back 36

storage of feces prior to elimination

Front 37

food storage molecule in plants

Back 37

starch, broken down by hydrolysis when sugars are needed

Front 38

saprophyte

Back 38

organism that eats dead organic tissue

Front 39

digestive system of fungi

Back 39

excrete enzymes out of cells onto food, external digestion, simple molecules are absorbed back into cells

Front 40

example of a plant that employs ingestion

Back 40

Venus fly trap, uses insects as a source of nitrate to compensate for nitrogen poor soil