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314 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nucleus pulposus
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Inner part of the intervetebral disc
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Latissimus dorsi action
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adducts, extends, and rotates arm medially.
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Rotatores attachment
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Transverse processes of vertebrae (best in thoracic)
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Where is the triangle of auscultation
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Trapezius/latissimus dorsi/ medial border of scpula, Rhomboid major is the floor
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How long from fertilization to the first division
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30 hours
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Rhomboids major action
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Adducts scapula
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What are the typical characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
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T5-T8 heart shaped bodies vertebral foramen are smaller and circular, nearly vertical spinous processes
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Semispinalis action
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Extend head and neck and rotate
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Suboccipital triangle contents
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Suboccipital nerve (DR of C1) and vertebral artery
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Radial nerve innervates
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bachioplexus to brachioradialis and supinator
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What process is specific to lumbar vertebrae
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Mammillary and accessory processes
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Musculocutaneous nerve innervates
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Bachioplexus to biceps brachii and brachialis
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Nipples dermatome
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T4
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Name the nerve that moves out of the semispinalis capitis and runs superior
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Greater occipital nerve (c2)
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Knee Dermatome
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L3
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Chorionic cavity
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Forms within the extraembryonic mesoderm of the primary yolk sac and divides in into splanchnopleuric and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm. It eventrually fills in, leaving only the secondary yolk sac
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Morula
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The solid mass of divided cells
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Name the herve that runs underneath, but not through semispinalis capitis and runs superior toward the superior nuchal line
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Suboccipital nerve (C1)
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Conus medullaris
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Terminal end of the spinal cord proper
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Yolk sac fate
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Gives rise to the germ cells that populate the gonads
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Kyphosis is common in what population
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Postmenopausal women as a result of osteoporosis and compression fractures
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Endoderm derivatives
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Lining of gut and parenchya of associated organs, (liver, galld bladder, pancreas), lining of respiratory system, lining of urinary bladder, parenchyma of thyroid and parathyroids, lining of tympanic and auditory tubes
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Name the artery that is just lateral to the greater occipital nerve
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Occipital artery
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What vertebrae level is the scapular spine
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T3
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How many coccygeal vertebrae
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fused 3 to 5
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Suboccipital triangle contents
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Dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve), vertebral artery out of C1 into the foramen magnum, Running across the triangle is the dorsal ramus of C2 (greater occipital nerve (peircing the semispinalis), and dorsal ramus of C3 (the LEAST occipital nerve) - not included in the triangle is the anterior ramus of C2/3 which is the LESSER occipital nerve
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Triangle of Petit
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Latissimus dorsi/external oblique/ioiac crest and floored by the internal oblique
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Amnioblasts
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The cells on the cytotrophoblastic side of the amniotic cavity
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Lordosis
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Lumbar over curved
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Achilles tendon reflex
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S1
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Latissimus dorsi insertion
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floor of bicipital groove of humerus
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Splenius cervicis attachment
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lugamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7 through T3/T4
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Extraembrionic mesoderm is derived from
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the most caudal of the primitive streak
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Splenius capitis action
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bend, rotate, extend head
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Scoliosis is common in what population
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Idiopathic right thoracic scoliosis in adolescent females
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The ligament on the anterior side of the axis/atlas/skull joint
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Cruciate or cruciform ligament
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Semispinalis attachment
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Transverse process of C4-T12
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Radicular arteries
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Follow spinal nerves out through intervetebral foramen
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Multifidius insertion
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Spinous process above
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Which joint allose the head to rotate (no)
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Atlantoaxial
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What is the cruciate/cruciform ligament
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The plus shaped ligament on the anterior edge of the axis, atlas, and skull. Torn in hanging injury
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Semispinalis length
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4 to 6 segments
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Neural groove
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Forms in the ectoderm bordering the amniotic sac above the notochord
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Exoceolomic cavity
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That cavity formed when the trophoblast separates from the embryoblast
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Lateral pectoral nerve innervates
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Brachioplexus to Pectoralis major clavicular head
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Cremasteric reflex nerve
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L1-L2
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Lateral foot dermatome
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S1
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Interspinales
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Run between spinous processes of vertebrae in lumbar and cervical
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Levator scapulae action
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elevates scapula
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Hypoblast
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The cuboidal side of the embryoblast facing away from the amniotic sac, first germ layer to form and gives rise to the extraembryonic endoderm that lines the primary yolk sac
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Fibronectin
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Responsible for migration of the blastocyst in the endometrium
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Meckel's diverticulum
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The occasional remains of the yolk sac
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Serratus posterior superior action
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Elevates ribs
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What is the lesser occipital nerve
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The ventral ramus of C3
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Fifth finger dermatome
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C8
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Embryoblast
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The inner cell mass on one side of the blastocyst
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Artery underneath the trapezius
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Superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery
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What is the carotid tubercle
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Posterior tubercle of C6
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Muscles of the erector spinae
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Spinalis (thoracis, cervices, capitis), longisimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis), iliocostalis (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis)
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Serratus posterior inferior innervation
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upper and lower intercostal nerves (VR)(T9-T12)
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Where does the multifidous muscle attach to the sacrum
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In the sacral groove
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Sonic hedge hog
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Shh suppresses left-sided genes on the right, expressed from the notochord
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Latissimus dorsi attachment
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attachment Spines of T7-T12, thoracodorsal
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Subluxation
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Atlantoaxial dislocation from trauma or downs syndrome
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Sub-occipital foramen
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The openings for the the vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve above the atlas
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Longisimus insertion
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Between tubercles and angles of ribs, transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae and to mastoid process of temporal bone
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Levator scapulae insertion
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medial border of scapula
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Blastocoel
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The fluid filled cavity of the blastocyst
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What muscle is inactive if the scapula is not aligned
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Rhomboids
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Triceps reflex nerve
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C7
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Suboccipital triangle boundaries
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Roof trapezius and semispinalis capitis, floor atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial membranes, walls rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, inferior oblique
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Transversospinal innervation
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Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
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Noggin, chordin and follistatin
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Expressed in the primitive node and antagonize the action of BMP-4 that results in dorsalization of notochord and paraxial mesoderm
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Name of the membrane between the atlas and the occipital bone
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Atlanto-occipital membrane
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Iliocostalis attachment
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Posterior part of iliac crest
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What is the risk does paravertebral venous drainage allow
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Pathway for tumor cells to metastasize from viscera to the CNS
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General characteristics of the lumbar vertebra
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Large Kidney shaped bodies, triangular vertebral foramina
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Trapezius insertion
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acromion, spine of scapula and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
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First unnamed C5 nerve branch of VR innervates
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Innervates Scalene
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Brachioradialic reflex nerve
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C6
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Serratus posterior superior attachment
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ligamentum nuchae, supraspinal ligament and spines of C7-T3
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Endoderm arises from what
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From the cells that replace the hypoblast
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Middle finger dermatome
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C7
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Which set of nerves (for the most part) innervate the superficial set of muscles of the back
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Anterior rami
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What happens to the cells that move into the primitive streak
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They become the prechordal plate, notochod, and paraxial mesoderm
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Teratomas arise from
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Remaining pieces of the primitive streak - usually sacrococcygeal.
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Zona pellucida
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The membrane surrounding the fertilized egg
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Ligaments of the vertebral column
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Intervertebral, intertransverse, interspinous, supraspinous, anterior and posterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavum
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Blastocyst
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The Morula has developed a fluid filled cavity
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Erector spinae action
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Extend or laterally bend the vertebral column
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Laminin
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Receptor molecules in the endometrium
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What contains accessory spinal nerve = CNXI, VR C3-C4, superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
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Sub-trapeziul plexus
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Blastomere
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The first two-cell division
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What is kyphosis
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Hunchback curve
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Multifidius attachment
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Sacrum and ilium transverse procees of T1-T3 and articular processes of C4-C7
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Spinal arteries
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Anterior external, anternal internal, posterior external
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Plantar Reflex nerve
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L5-S1
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PSIS is at what level
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S2
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Longisimus attachment
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Posterior surface of the sacrum, sacral and lumbar spinous processes, supraspinous ligament
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Which joint allows the head to nod (yes)
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Atlantooccipital
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Serratus posterior inferior attachment
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Attachment: supraspinal ligament and spines of T11-L2
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Cytotrophoblast
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Mononucleated cell layer that produces the Synctiotrophoblast
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Landmarks of sacral hiatus
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Median crest and cornua of sacrum and coccyx
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Splenius capitis insertion
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mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
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What is the hunchback curvature called
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Kyphosis
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Trophoblast
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The outer ring of the blastocyst
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What is the lateral curve of the spine called
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scoliosis
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Iliocostalis insertion
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Lumborum, thoracis and cervices, fibers run superiorly to angles of lower ribs and cervical transvers processes
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Allantois
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The new membrane that forms at the caudal end of the epiblast, induces the umbilical formation
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Neuroenteric canal
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Brings amniotic and yolk sacs into continuity for a brief time
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Erector spinae innervation
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Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
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Paraxial mesoderm
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From the node and cranial portion of the primitive streak
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where does the greater occipital nerve come from
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The dorsal ramus branch of C2
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Latissimus dorsi blood supply
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Thoracodorsal artery
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Between which discs is there no intervertebral disc
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C1/c2
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Thumb dermatome
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C6
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Sygapopyseal joint
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The joint between the articular processes of vertebral discs
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Iliac crest is at what level
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L4
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Serratus posterior inferior insertion
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lower border of ribs 9-12
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Nodal
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Signal that initiates and maintains primitive streak
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Trapezius innervation
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Motor innervation by CN XI (spinal accessory) --- Sensory innervation by ventral rami of C3 and C4
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Rhomboids minor innervation
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Dorsal Scapular Nerve (VR C5)
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Non typical characters of thoracic vertebrae
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T1 has a long spinous process, T1-T4 have small wide body (like cervical), T9-T12 have lumbar like tubercles
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Movements of the thoracic region
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All movements are limited
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Lateral plate mesoderm
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From caudal primitive streak
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Denticular ligament
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Ligament that supports the spinal cord with intervetebral foramen
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Spinalis insertion
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Spinous processes in the upper thoracic region and to skull
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Serratus posterior inferior action
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depresses ribs
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Muscles of Transversospinal group
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Semispinalis (thoracis, cervices, capitis), multifidius, rotatores
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Suprascapular nerve innervates
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VR of C5 to supraspinatus and infraspinatus
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Integrins
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Molecules expressed by the trophoblast that attach
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Rhomboids minor attachment
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Spines of T2-56
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Intertransversarii
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Run between transverse processes of vertebrae in lumbar and cervical
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Auricular surface of the sacrum
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The lateral blade-like edge
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Spinalis attachment
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Posterior surface of the sacrum, sacral and lumbar spinous processes, supraspinous ligament
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Scotty dog
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Ear is superior articular process, eye is the pedicle, collar is the pars interarticularis, front leg is the inferior articular process, back leg is the opposite inferior articular process, body is the body and limina
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Rhomboids minor action
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Adducts scapula
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Lumbar stenosis
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Stenotic vertebral canal may be a hereditary anomaly. Stenosis at L5 causes compression of the spinal nerve and cauda equina. Treatment may be decompressive laminectomy
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Rotatores insertion
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Junction of lamina and transverse column above
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Trapezius attachment
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external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, and occipital bone spines of C7-T12
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Intraembryonic mesoderm
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Derived from the primitive node and streak
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What holds the axis in place and prevents horizontal displacement of the atlas
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Transverse ligament
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Multifidius length
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2-4 segments
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Serratus posterior superior innervation
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upper and lower intercostal nerves (VR) (T1-T4)
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Angle of the scapula is at what level
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T7
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Ectoderm arises from what
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From the epiblast
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Epiblast
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The columnar side of the embryoblast bordering the amnion
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Levator scapulae innervation
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dorsal scapular nerve (C5) &VR C3-C4
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Suboccipital triangle location
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Runs superior from C2 along the rectus capitis posterior minor (which starts from C1) and capitis posterior major (starts from C2) and along the inferior oblique (starts from C2)
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Where is lordosis common
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In obesity and normal during pregnancy
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Which nerves are part of the thoracolumbar outflow
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Sympathetic nerves T1-L3
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Trapezius action
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Elevation of the lateral angle of the scapula - Subtrapezial plexus
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What structures does pia form
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Denticulate ligaments and filum terminale
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Rotatores length
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1 (short ) 2 (long)
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Levatores costarum
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Dorsal rami innervate levatores costarum from spinous tubercle to rib
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Primitive streak
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Appears at the caudal end of the germ disk within the epiblast and signals the beginning of gastrulation. Consists of the primitive groove, primitive node and primitive pit
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Splenius capitis innervation
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dorsal rami of spinal nerves -
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Anal Reflex nerve
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S2-S4
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Latissimus dorsi innervation
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Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
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Dorsal scapular nerve innervates
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VR of C5 to thromboids and levator scapulae
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Ectoderm derivatives
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CNS, PNS, Sensory epithelium, epidermis, pituitary gland
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Semispinalis insertion
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Occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions
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Medial foot dermatome
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L5
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Which nerves are part of the carniosacral outflow
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Parasympathetic C3,7,9,10 & S2,S3, S4
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L-Selectins
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Carbohydrate binding proteins on the trophoblastic cells that bind to the endometrial lining cells
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Sternal angle dermatome
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T3
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Quadriceps femoris reflex nerve
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L3&4
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Buccopharyngeal membrane
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Eventual oral cavity, not infiltrated with mesoderm
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Serratus posterior superior insertion
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upper border of ribs 2-5
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Scoliosis
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Lateral curving of the spine
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Prechordal plate
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The leading edge of the invading mesodermal cells that invaded - eventually induct the forebrain
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Cloacal membrane
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Future anus, not infiltrated with mesoderm
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FGF-8
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Induces expression of nodal and left-2 genes on the left side of the germ disc
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Suboccipital triangle
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Roof: Trap and semispinalis capitis -- floor:
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Heuser's membrane
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The hypoblast cells that migrate across the inner surface of the Exoceolomic cavity
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Biceps brachii reflex nerve
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C5
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Multifidius action
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Stabilizes vertebrae during local movements, priopoception
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What joint does spondylosipars interarticulasriss happen
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Region between the superior and inferior articulating facets of a vertebra, frequently the site of fracture in spondylosis
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Rhomboids major insertion
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root of spine of scapula
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How are the thoracic vertebrae related to the thoracic aorta
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May possess an impression on the left side
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Straight leg test
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Used to assess HNP, raise leg with patient supine, positive when there is pain in the lower limb and confirmed with dorsiflexion of the ankle increases pain and flexion of knee decreases pain
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What is the difference between the white rami and grey rami
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The white are myelinated and are made up of nerves from the DRG to the sympathetic chain, the grey are nerves from the sympathetic chain to the dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves
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Brachyury (T) gene
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Regulates mesoderm formation in the middle and caudal regions of the germ disc - absence results in sirenomelia (mermaid) (caudal dysgenesis)
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Mesoderm derivatives
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Connective tissues, cartilage bone, muscle, blood and lymph, heart, blood and lymph vessel walls, kidney, gonads, suprarenal gland cortex, spleen
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Splenius cervicis insertion
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posterior tubercles of transverse of C1-C3/4
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Abdominal reflex nerve
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T7-T9 & T10-T12
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Splenius capitis origin
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lugamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7 through T3/T4
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Rhomboids major attachment
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Spines of C7-T1
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Movements of the lumbar region
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Consideral flexion and extension, limited rotation
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notochord
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From the cranial portion of node
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Axillary nerve innervates
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Brachioplexus to teres minor and delotoid
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Uncovertebral joints of luschka
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The uncinate processes (lateral superior projectsions ) of inferior cervical vertebrae come into contact with the vertebrae above. Can cause neck pain
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Synctiotrophoblast
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Amorphous multinucleated layer that erodes into the endometrium and maternal blood vessels
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What is a HNP diagnosis
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Herniated nucleus pulposis, typically in the lumbar region because the foramen is narrower and the nerves are wider
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Extraembryonic mesoderm
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Derived from primary yolk sac cells and cells from the epiblast which ultimately surround the germ disc, amniotic vesicle and primary yolk sac
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Subtrapezial plexus contains what
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accessory spinal nerve = CNXI, VR C3-C4, superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
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Lefty-1
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Express from left side of floor plate of the neural tude and acts as a barrier preventing left side factors going to the right side
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Levator scapulae attachment
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transverse processes of C1-C4
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Inferior phrenic nerve
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From C5 VR to diaphragm
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Where does the longissimus muscle attach to the lumbar vertebrae
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Accessory process at the back of the root of the transverse process
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Rotatores action
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Assist with local extension and rotation of vertebral column
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Rhomboids minor insertion
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Medial border of scapula
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Splenius cervicis action
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bend,rotate, extend neck
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Hepatic nuclear factor 3beta (HBF-3beta
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Maintains primitive node and is necessary for forebrain and midbrain differentiation
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Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE)
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expresses genes essential for head formation
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Annulus fibrosis
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Outer fibrous part of the intervertebral disc firmly attached to the longitudinal ligaments
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Name the fascia of the back
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Nuchal fascia, cervicothoracic fasci, thoracolumbar fasci, lumbar fascia
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Umbilicus dermatome
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T10
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Circumflexion
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Flex abduct extend adduct
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Movements of the cervical region
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Flexion, extensions, lateral bending, rotation
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What is the vertebra prominens
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C7
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Rhomboids major innervation
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Dorsal Scapular Nerve (VR C5)
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Somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm
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The two divisions of the Extraembryonic mesoderm on each side of the chorionic cavity
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Intermediate mesoderm
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From the mid primitive streak
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What is the neural plate
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Ectoderm thickening in the middle
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Blocking what signal causes the neural plate to form
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BMP4, inactivated by noggin, chordin and follistatin
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What signal causes the caudal neuro plate to form the hindbrain and spinal cord
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WNT-3A and FGF
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What causes the neural plate to ventralize
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Shh represses PAX and MSX which are expressed throughout the neural plate, therefore the forebrain does not ventralize
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What causes the roof plate and alar plate to form
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The BMP that is not inactivated by noggin, chordin and follistatin
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What are the names of the three vesicles of the early brain
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Proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
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What are the ventricles of the brain
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Lateral, interventricular foramina (monro) third, cerebral aqueduct (sylvius) and fourth
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Three flexures of the brain
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Cervical, cephalic, pontine
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Which component of the CNS comes from mesoderm
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Microglial cells
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What is the basal plate of the spinal cord
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The ventral horn (motor)
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What is the alar plate of the spinal cord
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The dorsal horn (sensory)
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Sulcus limitans
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The ependymal cells lining the central canal
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Intermedial cell column
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The ANS column of the spinal cord
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Odontoblasts
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Dentin of teeth
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Head mesoderm
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Pharyngeal arches
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Septum
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The heart - comes from the neural crest
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Spina bifida occulta
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The spinal cord does not close - hair over site
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Spina bifida cystica
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In meningocele the arachnoid space protrudes from the spinal cord, in meningomyelocele the cord protrudes
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Arnold chiari malformation
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Spina bifida aperta - Herniation of the cerebellum due to tethering of the cord in spina bifida cystica
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Myeloschisis
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Spina bifida aperta
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Meningocele
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Cranium bifidum malformation of the brain when the arachnoid space protrudes
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Meningoencephalocele
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Cranium bifidum malformation of the brain when the pia matar protrudes
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Meningohydroencephalocele
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Cranium bifidum malformation of the brain when the ventricular lumen protrudes posteriorly through the skull
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exencephaly
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The cranial neuropore failed to close
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Neuropore
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The open ends of the neural tube during development.
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Craniorachiscisis
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The skull failed to completely form
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Anencphaly
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Combination of craniorachischisis and exencephaly
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Mantle layer of the neuroepithelial cells
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Becomes the grey matter of the spinal cord
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Rathke's pouch
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The beginning of the forebrain, adenohypophysis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia
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Infundibulum
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The beginning of the brain stem, the stalk the pars nervosa
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Early divisions of the mesoderm
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Paraxial mesoderm, and the lateral plate mesoderm which splits to somatic (parietal) mesoderm and splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
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The space between the parietal and splanchnic mesoderm
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Intra-embryonic coelomic cavity
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Intermediate mesoderm
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Between the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm - gives rise to nephrons of kidney and gonads
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Somitomeres
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Spaces along the neural tube formed from paraxial mesoderm - 3 pairs/day from cephalic to caudal direction
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Somite differentiation
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Sclerotome and Dermomyotome (Myotome and dermatome)
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Most of the skeletal system comes from what mesoderm layer
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From the sclerotome which becomes mesenchyme
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Fontanelles
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Sutures of the brain case
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Parts of the neurocranium
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Membranous neurocranium, cartilaginous neurocranium (chondrocranium)
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Parts of the membranous neurocranium
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Frontal bone, Temporal bone, occipital bone parietal bones
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Sutures of the neurocranium
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Anterior and posterior fontanelle, posterolateral (mastoid) fontanelle, frontal (metopic) suture, coronal suture, sagittal suture, labdoid suture
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Cartilaginous neurocranium (chondrocranium)
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Prechordal chondrocranium from the neural crest (bodies of sphenoid and ethmoid), chordal chondrocranium from paraxial mesoderm (base of the occipital bone -clivus ) and mesenchymal condensations wings of sphenoids and mastoid and petrous parts of the temporal bone
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Viscerocranium
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Bones of the face from the first 2 zygomatic arches
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Bones from the first arch of the viscerocranium
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Dorsal components, Maxilla, zygomatic, squamous temporal, malleus and incus - ventral component is the mandible
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Bones from the second arch of the viscerocranium
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Styloid process, hyoid bone, and stapes
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Cranioschisis
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Anencephaly - no cranium - the sutures never come together
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Acrocephaly
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Early closure of the coronal suture
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Plagiocephaly
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Premature closure of the coronal and lambdoid sutures on one side
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Craniosynostosis
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Early closure of sutures
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Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
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Initial limb growth is induced to form by secretion of FGF-10 (fibroblastic growth factor) and BMP( Bone morphogenetic protein) form lateral plate mesoderm cells - FGF-4 and 8 continue the limb development. Sonic hedge hog is also involved
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What gene family differentiates the upper limb
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HOXD
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Amelia
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Non formation of a limb
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Caniocaudal development of the limb
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Sonic hedge hog is induced by vitamin A on the caudal side of the limb, apoptosis in the AER separates the limbs
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Dorsoventral development of the limbs
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Wnt7a is expressed on the dorsal ectoderm of the limb bud and is regulated by the homeobox LMX1
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Proximodistal development
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FGF-4 maintains the growth and retonoic acid (vitamin A) continues the growth
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Meromelia
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Partial absence of limb
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Amelia
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Complete absence of limb
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Polydactyly
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Too many digits
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Ectrodactyly
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Absence of one or more digits
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Syndactyly
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Fusion of digits
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What forms the vertebral bodies
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The sclerotome is called to the neural tube and migrates around it, it is split caudally and cranially by the migrating nerve which is reaching for the myotome and dermatome
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What is the remnant of the notochord
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The annulus fibrosis
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Hypomere
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The lateral and splanchnic layers of the mesoderm
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Summary of muscle source
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Skeletal muscle develops from paraxial mesoderm and smooth and cardiac muscle from the splanchnic mesoderm. The somites organize into sclerotome and dermomyotomes
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Epimere/Epiaxial
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gives rise to the intrinsic muscles of the back -innervated by dorsal primary rami
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Hypomere/hypaxial
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Gives rise to lateral and ventral flexor muscles, innervated by ventral primary rami
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Hyoid bone
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u-shaped bone at the top of the esophagus
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Thyroid cartilage
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The Adam's apple
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Cricoid cartilage
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Just inferior to the thyroid cartilage
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Platysma muscle
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The surface muscle of the neck
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Pretracheal space
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The pretracheal space is, as the name implies, directly anterior to the trachea, extending from the thyroid cartilage to the superior mediastinum. It is enclosed by the pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia.
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retropharyngeal
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The retropharyngeal space is a potential space between the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia around the pharynx. It runs from the cranial base to the superior mediastinum at about the T2 level.
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Posterior triangle of neck
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Lateral cervical triangle, between the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid
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Lesser supraclavicular fossa
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The space between the two inferior heads of the sternocleidomastoid, marker for the jugular
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Sternocleidomastoid innervation
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Accessory nerve, VR of C2-C4
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Anterior triangle of neck
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Bounded by the sternocleidomastoid and the chin
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Torticollis
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Wry neck - shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle - sign of an accessory nerve lesion
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Semispinalis capitis location
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Apex of the posterior triangle of neck
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Scalenus posterior attachment
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posterior tubercles of the 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae
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Scalenus posterior insertion
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outer edge of the second rib
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Scalenus posterior innervation
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ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves 5-8
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Scalenus medius attachment
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posterior tubercles of all cervical vertebrae
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Scalenus medius insertion
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posterior part of the first rib
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Scalenus medius innervation
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ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves 3-8
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Scalenus anterior attachment
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anterior tubercles of cervical vertebrae 3-6
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Scalenus anterior insertion
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scalene tubercle of the first rib
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Scalenus anterior innervation
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ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves 4-6
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Omohyoid muscle
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joins the scapula (�omo�) and hyoid. It has two bellies. The inferior belly crosses the posterior triangle
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External jugular vein
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Enters the inferior edge of the posterior triangle of the neck by crossing superficial the sternocleidomastoid from jaw, joins the subclavian
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Subclavian vein
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Enters the very ventral posterior edge of the post. Tri. Of the neck and joins the external jugular
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Accessory nerve location
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Crosses the lat. Cerv. Tri. Through the middle, running inferior posterior
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Accessory nerve damage indications
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Drooping shoulder and trapezius wasting
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Cervical plexus
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Besides accessory nerve Only sensory, Is in the middle superior part of the lat, cerv, triangle, C1-C5, contain lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical and supraclvicular
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Great auricular nerve
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Runs to bottom of the ear from the cervical plexus
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Lesser occipital nerve
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Runs to the back of the ear from the cervical plexus
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Transverse cervical
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Runs to the front of the neck across the sternocleidomastoid from the cervical plexus
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Suprclavicular nerves
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Medial, lateral and intermediate Run inferior from the cervical plexus
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Brachial plexus
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Runs out between the middle and anterior scalene muscles and continues to the axilla C5-T1
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dorsal scapular nerve
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(C5) and long thoracic (C5 & 6 always, and 7 in 42% of dissections) nn. � arise through the substance of the middle scalene muscle to supply motor innervation to the rhomboid, levator scapulae, and the serratus anterior muscles. These are branches of the brachial plexus, arising from the roots of the brachial plexus.
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phrenic nerve
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this is not usually considered to be within the posterior triangle, but it is an important branch of the cervical plexus. It lies on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle and descends obliquely across it. The phrenic nerve enters the thorax and courses to the side of the pericardium to innervate the diaphragm. It supplies both motor and sensory innervation.
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Suprascapular nerve
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from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, courses deep to omohyoid and trapezius, and runs inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament to provide motor innervation to supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Rarely it may have a cutaneous branch.
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