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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define "Prevalence"
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Percentage of the population with a disease
Represents existing disease (past and present) Dental caries = decayed, missing, and filled Root caries = decayed and filled |
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Define "Incidence"
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Rate of new disease in a population
Represents development of disease |
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Among American children (2-5 years of age), what percentage has active dental caries at any point in time?
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~20%
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Is the rate of active dental caries increasing or decreasing among U.S. adults (20-64 years of age)?
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Decreasing
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Among seniors (>65 years of age), what race/ethnicity group is most likely to have active dental caries at any point in time?
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Mexican-Americans
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What associations exist between age and active dental caries?
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Prevalence increases through early adulthood and then decreases through older age groups
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What associations exist between age and active root caries?
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Increases throughout adulthood
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Among American adults 50-64 years of age, what is the average number of missing teeth at any point in time?
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~5
Increases from 8-10 in age groups >65 |
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Among seniors (>65 years of age), what race/ethnicity group is most likely to be edentulous at any point in time?
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Non-Hispanic Black
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What is the prevalence of edentulism among U.S. adults aged >75 years?
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~30%
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What is the prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis among U.S. adults aged 50-64 years
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~10%
Increases to 20% in those >75 |
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Oral Cancer
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Men are ~2.5 times as susceptible as women
Hispanic population least susceptible Most commonly diagnosed between 55-64 years |
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What are the Principles of insurance?
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Risk should be precisely definable
Costs are significant, potentially leading to major loss Use is infrequent Use depends on unwanted events Occurrences are beyond control of the individual System should be free of “moral hazard” (having insurance = using services) |
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The Private payment sources are...
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Out-of-pocket payments:
- Paid by patient outright - Paid by patient in form of co-pay or deductible Insurance payments: - Premiums paid by employee and supplemented by employer - Premiums paid by member of a defined group or risk pool |
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What legislation, passed in 1935, set the stage for increasing federal and state/local roles?
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Social Security Act
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What is Medicare?
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Passed in 1965.
Healthcare for all persons aged >65 years Funded entirely by federal government No dental benefit |
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What is Medicaid?
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Passed in 1965
Healthcare for the poor, regardless of age Costs shared by federal and state (up to 50%) governments Limited dental benefits |
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What is State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)?
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1997, 2009
Healthcare for near-poor up to 21 years Costs shared by federal and state (formula driven) governments Limited dental benefits Expansion of Medicaid Independent plan |
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What percentage of total health care expenditures were private expenditures in 2010?
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52%
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Most Private health expenditures come from where?
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Insurance payments
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Do most Public health expenditures come from state or federal sources?
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Federal: 73%
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What percentage of GDP are healthcare costs expected to become beyond 2010?
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18%
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What payment source used to dominate dental expenditures?
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Private out-of-pocket
Now, it's ~40% and private insurance is ~50% |
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Public dental coverage is predominant in what age group?
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<21 years
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What was the total for Expenditures for dental care in the United States in 2002?
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$70 Billion
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Dental care expenditures account for what percentage of NHE Per capita expenditures?
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5%
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Dental care expenditures are what percentage of the GDP?
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7%
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Medicaid expenditures for dental care in inflationary adjusted dollars has done what since 1972?
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Stayed about the same
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Dental care accounts for what percentage of total Medicaid expenditures?
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<1%
1 billion $ per year |
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The two most common dental procedures are...
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Diagnostic and Preventive
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What percentage of dental provider visits are to a general dentist?
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~82%
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What is the Mean annual dental expense among those with >1 dental visit?
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$560
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How many dentists are there in the US?
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177,000
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How many dental hygienists are there in the US?
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167,000
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How many dental assistants are there in the US?
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280,000
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How many Dental Laboratory Technicians are there in the US?
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46,000
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What percentage of dentists specialize?
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20%
Percentage has doubled since 1970 |
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What did the 1980 AADS Task Force on Advanced Dental Education recommend?
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Decrease Specialty Enrollment Openings by One-Third
Provide AEGD/GPR Programs for Half of Each Graduating Class by 1985 Expand Range of Competency for General Practitioners Reappraise Validity of Current Specialties |
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What percentage of the 2006 graduating class applied to a GPR or AEGD program?
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31%
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What was the average net income of general dental practitioners in 2004?
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$185,000
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What was the average net income of specialty dental practitioners in 2004?
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$328,000
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How much has the average net income of dentists increased since 1990?
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117%
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What are the negative effects of over-specialization?
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Fragmentation of Services
Potential for Decrease in Available Manpower Increased Cost |
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How many Dentists are there currently per 100,000 U.S. Population?
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~58
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The # of Dentists per 100,000 Population is expected to ________ in the next 10 years
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Decrease
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From 2014 to 2027, what is estimated about the dental workforce?
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More dentists will leave the workforce than enter it.
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What is the most popular reason students choose to pursue dentistry?
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Control of Time
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What is the Annual % Yield on Educational Investment for dentistry?
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~22%
Same as Specialist MD |
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There are currently how many dental schools in the U.S.?
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60
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Applicant:Enrollee ratios have been highest when?
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1975 - 16,000:6,000
Present - 14,000:5,000 |
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Applicant:Enrollee ratios have been lowest when?
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1960 - 4,600:3,500
1990 - 5,000:4,000 |
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Dental schools were closing rapidly in what period?
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1986 - 2001
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What Factors Impact the Applicant Pool?
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Competition from Other Careers
Size of Age Cohort Student Debt Cost and Length of Education Insufficient Scholarships and Loans Managed Care Governmental Regulations |
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The average debt of graduating dental students is?
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$158,000
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In 2005, how many dental assisting programs where there in the U.S.?
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269
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In 2005, how many dental hygiene programs where there in the U.S.?
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286
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In 2005, how many dental lab technician programs where there in the U.S.?
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20
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People >65 years will be what percentage of the population by 2020?
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16%
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By 2050, what percentage of the U.S. population will be minority racial or ethnic groups?
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50%
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4 Years After Graduation, what percentage of Dentists Own their Practice?
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68%
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Most dentists have how many chair side assistants?
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1
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The average number of non-dentist staff per dentist in 2004:
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4.7
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Most patient referrals come from where?
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Other patients
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What factors are leading to the growth of group practices?
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Increased Cost of Health Care
Increased Fragmentation of Services Inadequate Quality Control Competition Cost to Start a Practice |
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What is the difference between an illness and a disease?
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A disease is a Physiological / psychological dysfunction
Illnes is Subjective state (i.e., awareness of not feeling well) Patient may be completely unaware of a disease; however, an illness can be different because it is subjective for the patient, and a disease may not cause noticeable effects on a patient. |
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What is "health?"
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Health as a positive concept
Health not an endpoint Health allows one to adapt to one’s environment Health is a resource for everyday life |
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Clinicians tend to think of health as...
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absence of disease
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Patients tend to think of health as...
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a resource for everyday living
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Define "curing"
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Curing describes the process by which the practitioner has sole responsibility and power regarding the elimination of disease
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Define "healing"
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Healing describes the process by which the patient and practitioner share responsibility and power regarding the elimination of disease
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What are advantages/disadvantages to the curing approach?
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Advantages:
Practitioner has power/control Patient relinquishes responsibility Disadvantages: Practitioner is blamed when treatment fails Improvements in health not as likely to succeed |
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What are advantages/disadvantages to the healing approach?
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Advantages
Practitioner feels less pressure Practitioner less vulnerable when treatment fails Improvements in health more likely (behaviors and oral health) Disadvantages Practitioner and patient have more work |
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What are the natural history stages?
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Stage of susceptibility
Stage of pre-symptomatic disease Stage of clinical disease Stage of disability |
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Primary prevention aims to alter what?
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susceptibility of disease
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Secondary prevention leads to what?
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early detection and prompt treatment of disease
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What is the aim of Tertiary prevention?
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limit disability and provide rehabilitation when disease has caused residual damage
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