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231 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The superficial fascia is composed of...
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loose connective tissue and fat
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Deep to the superficial fascia is a dense irregular connective tissue layer called...
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the deep fascia
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Deep fascia invests or envelopes what?
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deep structures in the body such as organs, muscles and nerves.
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vermilion zone
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The red portion of the lips, whose coloration is caused by a rich vascular bed visible through the thin epithelium
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The skin and vermilion zone join at the...
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vermilion border
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philtrum
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A slight shallow, vertical depression in the midline from the nose to the vermilion border
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A fleshy bump of varying size in the vermilion zone just inferior to the philtrum.
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labial tubercle
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The inferior lip is separated from the chin by the...
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labiomental groove
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labial commissures
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thin folds of tissue that are easily viewed when the mouth is slightly opened that connects the two lips laterally.
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The vestibule
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the cleft or space between the lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gingiva of the dental arches internally when the teeth are in occlusion
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In most individuals, small yellow spots may be observed in the buccal mucosa lateral to the corner of the lips. These are...
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Fordyce granules
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parotid papilla
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opening at a small orifice opposite the second maxillary molar, which appears elevated in the mucosa, empties its salivary secretions into the buccal vestibule
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This is an important area anatomically because it serves as an injection site for anesthesia of the posterior superior alveolar nerve.
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maxillary tuberosity
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The coronal-most aspect of the interdental papilla of the molar region usually possesses a concavity known as the...
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col
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What is the base of the tongue fixed to?
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the hyoid bone.
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a shallow groove superficially dividing the tongue longitudinally in the midline into right and left halves.
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median sulcus
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Located in the midline of the tongue, just posterior to the apex of the sulcus. A shallow, pitlike depression that is a remnant of the developmental thyroglossal duct.
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foramen cecum
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ankyloglossia
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the lingual frenulum is attached to the tip of the tongue too far anteriorly. This condition limits speech because of the immobility of the tongue
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plica sublingualis
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Just above the floor of the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum is an elevation of the mucous membrane overlying the bulging sublingual glands
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What covers surface of the palate?
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Mucoperiosteum covers part of the bony skeleton of the hard palate, whereas mucous membrane covers the muscular soft palate.
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incisive papilla
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A small, oval-shaped surface prominence located in the midline of the palate, immediately behind the central incisors
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a series of transverse folds that appear to radiate from the incisive papilla
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palatine rugae
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palatine fovea
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a small depression or pit that receives the ducts of some of the palatine glands of the hard and soft palates. Near the midline and just posterior to the hard palate
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incisive papilla
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A small, oval-shaped surface prominence located in the midline of the palate, immediately behind the central incisors
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palatine velum
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area of the soft palate represented by the superiorly placed posterior free margin and the laterally placed pillars of the fauces
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a series of transverse folds that appear to radiate from the incisive papilla
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palatine rugae
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muscular tube lined with mucous membrane. It extends in an inferior direction from the base of the cranium to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
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The pharynx
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palatine fovea
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a small depression or pit that receives the ducts of some of the palatine glands of the hard and soft palates. Near the midline and just posterior to the hard palate
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palatine velum
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area of the soft palate represented by the superiorly placed posterior free margin and the laterally placed pillars of the fauces
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muscular tube lined with mucous membrane. It extends in an inferior direction from the base of the cranium to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
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The pharynx
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The pharynxis divided into three anatomic regions:
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1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx 3. laryngeal pharynx. |
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The lateral wall of the pharynx is formed by the...
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palatopharyngeal fold
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The Anatomical Position
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the body is in an erect position with arms to the side and palms facing forward. The lower limbs are close together with the feet parallel and the toes facing forward.
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Supine =
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Lying on the back or having the face upward and having the palms upward.
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Pronation=
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medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly
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Supination =
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lateral rotation of the forearm. Palm faces anteriorly.
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Flexion
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bending of a part or decreasing the angle between body parts
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Extension
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straightening a part or increasing the angle between body parts.
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Abduction
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moving away from the median plane
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Adduction
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moving towards the median plane.
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circular movement of the limbs.
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Circumduction
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Afferent
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Refers to movement towards an organ or central nervous system
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Efferent
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Refers to movement away from organ or CNS
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fertilization
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fusion of the male and female gametes. embryogenesis begins. occurs in the fallopian tube
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The fertilized ovum is referred to as a...
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zygote
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most organs have been formed and the fetal period begins after how long?
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By the eighth week of pregnancy
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The embryo “hatches” from the _____ ________ upon reaching the uterus.
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zona pellucida
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Zona pellucida
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barrier that protects the embryo from the immune system of the mother
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compaction
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Following the third cleavage, the blastomeres undergo a change in behavior. They suddenly huddle together and form a compact ball of cells.
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The cells of the compacted 8-cell embryo divide to produce a 16-cell ...
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morula
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cavitation
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trophoblast cells secrete fluid into the morula to create a cavity known as the blastocoel
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blastocyst
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The inner cell mass, positioned on one side of the ring of trophoblast cells
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The first segregation of cells within the inner cell mass results in the formation of the
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hypoblast
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The embryonic epiblast is believed to contain all the cells that will generate...
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the actual embryo
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Gastrulation
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the process of highly coordinated cell and tissue movements whereby the cells of the embryonic bilaminar disc are dramatically rearranged to form three germ layers.
transforms the embryo from a two-layered structure containing an epi- and hypoblast into a three-layered structure containing ecto-, meso-, and endoderm. |
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Gastrulation begins with the appearance of...
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the primitive streak
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Primitive groove
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groove formed by primitive streak
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Hensen's node
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important organizing area for the nervous system at the rostral end of the primitive streak
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Cells that migrate laterally along the primitive streak ultimately separate into two layers:
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1. endoderm
2. mesoderm |
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buccopharyngeal or oropharyngeal membrane
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A site rostral to the prechordal plate where ectoderm and endoderm are in direct contact without intervening mesoderm. This landmark is the site of the future oral cavity
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three germ cell layers are fully developed how long after fertilization?
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Between three and four weeks
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Two important processes that follow from gastrulation:
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1. development of the neural tube
2. further specification of the mesoderm to form the somites |
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neurulation
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Development of the neural tube. Induced by the notochord
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neuroectoderm
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differentiates from the surrounding ectoderm and is visible by embryonic day 16 or 17 as a pseudostratified columnar epithelium overlying the midline notochord
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The neural folds continue to elevate and converge toward the midline, meeting to form a closed...
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neural tube
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One overarching principle governing embryonic assembly is the process of...
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embryonic induction
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embryonic induction
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a particular group of embryonic cells controls the developmental fate of an adjacent group of cells
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Noggin and chordin
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signaling molecules secreted by the notochord, act by inhibiting the action of BMP-4. This initiates the differentiation of neurectoderm
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Sonic hedgehog
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expressed sequentially within the developing notochord first forming the midline floor plate cells of the neural tube. Shh inhibits the action of BMP-4, and initiates the development of neuroectoderm
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Mutants that lack notochordal Shh expression have neither...
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a floorplate nor ventral horn motoneurons
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slug
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a transcription factor which promotes cell migration. produced by neural crest cells
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Hox genes
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genes responsible for anterior-posterior axis and segmentation
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paraxial mesoderm
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Mesoderm lying lateral to the neural tube and notochord in the region of the future trunk
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sclerotome
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Part of the somite responsible for formation of the vertebrae and their intervening intervetebral disks
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myotome
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Part of the somite responsible for formation of the segmental trunk muscles
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dermatome
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Part of the somite responsible for formation of the dermis
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splanchnopleure
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gives rise to the wall of the gut
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somitomeres
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Functionally like somites. These somitic structures are responsible for formation of the muscles of the head
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Wnt genes
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The secreted products of Wnt genes are the major dorsalizing signal in vertebrate somites
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MyoD + myogenic regulatory factors
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skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor. involved in muscle development and specification
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Most of the notochord cells die after...
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the nervous structures develop
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The two basic cell types of nervous system:
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1. Neurons communicate via impulse conduction and integration.
2. Glial cells offer support and insulation. |
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two basic regional types of nervous system:
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1. Gray matter: In unstained tissue, regions of the brain and spinal cord that primarily contain cell bodies appear gray.
2. White matter: Regions of the brain and spinal cord that primarily contain nerve fibers appear lighter, because of the myelin sheaths surrounding many of those fibers. |
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Gray matter in the PNS forms:
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1. Sensory ganglia
2. Autonomic ganglia |
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Gray matter in the CNS forms:
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A. Outer layers (cortex) of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. Within the gray matter, cell bodies may be organized into layers or laminae.
B. Nuclei: These are aggregations of neuronal cell bodies, often having common functions. |
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In the CNS, nerve fibers are called...
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tracts or pathways
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In the PNS, nerve fibers are called:
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peripheral nerves, or just “nerves”
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A typical motor neuron consists of:
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1. cell body with dendrites
2. an axon 3. a set of axon terminals that form synapses on muscle fibers or other neurons. |
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If a nerve cell is sufficiently excited (depolarized), an action potential arises where?
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at the axon hillock and is sent down the axon
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The two general groups of stains that are applied to nervous tissue
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(1) Nissl stains reveal cell nuclei and cell bodies because these stains bind to DNA and RNA in the nucleus and nucleolus as well as to RNA in the ribosomes of the rough ER; they don’t stain the axons and dendrites because the processes have little or no rough ER.
(2) Fiber stains reveal the axons and dendrites of nerve cells, while myelin stains stain the myelin sheaths surrounding myelinated axons. Myelin stains don’t stain cell bodies at all. Fiber stains primarily stain fibers (axons and dendrites), but may also partially stain the cytoskeleton of some cell bodies. |
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fiber stain
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white matter (nerve fibers) appears dark, while gray matter (cell bodies) appears light.
opposite of their appearance in unstained tissue |
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motor neurons innervate...
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skeletal muscle fibers
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the most common routine histological stain
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Hematoxylin-eosin
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Hematoxylin stains...
Eosin stains... |
gray matter is more densely stained than white matter
Hematoxylin stains nucleic acids blue Eosin stains cell cytoplasm red, but doesn’t stain the myelin sheaths of axons |
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Layers of the Cerebellar cortex:
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Pizza Makes People Gain Weight
Pia (external) Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer White matter |
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the most characteristic cells of the cerebral cortex
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pyramidal cells
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three types of glial cells in the CNS
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1. astrocytes
2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglia |
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Peripheral “nerves” are collections of many nerve axons covered by:
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A. Epineurium surrounding the whole nerve
B. Perineurium surrounding individual fascicles C. Endoneurium surrounding individual axons |
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Number of pairs of spinal nerves
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There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. |
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Spinal nerve levels are numbered corresponding to...
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their vertebra
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The spinal cord ends at...
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L2
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cauda equina
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Nerve roots leaving the spinal cord below L2. so-called because they resemble a horse’s tail.
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Nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system can be ______ or _______ nerves.
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motor; sensory
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The only place Bipolar neurons are common
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the olfactory nerves.
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the cell body has many short dendrites and one long axon that goes peripherally to a muscle
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a motor neuron
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pseudounipolar; the cell body is located at the side of its process. One end of the process goes peripherally to the area being sensed. Can be as long as the entire body (many feet long). The other end of the same process goes centrally to the spinal cord, where it may synapse locally or go all the way to the brain.
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A sensory neuron
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protective layers of the meninges
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1. dura mater - tough, outer layer
2. arachnoid - thinner layer 3. Pia mater - deepest, most tender layer 4. dura pia - thin transparent layer tightly applied to the spinal cord |
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The spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column via a gap between adjacent vertebrae called an...
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intervertebral foramen
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intervertebral foramen
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A canal for the nerve to run through, formed by notches in opposing vertebrae.
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sciatica
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Pain in the sciatic nerve
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Motor nerves are also called...
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efferent nerves: they carry info away from the spinal cord
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cutaneous nerves
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sensory nerves with nerve endings found in the skin that sense touch, temperature and pressure.
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smooth muscle fibers in arrector pili of the skin are innervated by what?
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sympathetic nerves
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The cell bodies of sensory nerve fibers are located in the...
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dorsal root ganglion
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Cell bodies of motor nerves are located in...
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the ventral horn of the spinal cord
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a root either has sensory or motor nerves, but not...
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both
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Dorsal roots contain only ______ fibers, and ventral roots contain only ______ fibers
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sensory; motor
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spinal nerves and primary rami contain both...
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sensory and motor fibers
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simple reflex arc
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Combining a sensory nerve fiber with a motor nerve fiber. The sensation of high heat causes motor impulses to muscles that will retract the finger. This occurs in the spinal cord before information is sent to the brain.
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C3, C4, C5...
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keep your diaphragm alive
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dermatome
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area of skin innervated by branches of the two spinal nerves (left and right) found at one vertebral level; this includes branches of both dorsal and ventral primary rami
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The somatic nervous system controls...
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skeletal muscles of the body wall and limbs
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The parasympathetic system controls...
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smooth muscles in the walls of the viscera
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The sympathetic system controls...
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smooth muscle of blood vessels in both the body wall and in the viscera
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There is no parasympathetic supply to...
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the body wall or the limbs
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The motor portion of the sympathetic system is a chain of...
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two motor neurons
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The cell body of the first neuron in the chain of sympathetic motor neurons lies where?
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in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
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where are white rami communicans found?
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found only where the first axons leave the spinal cord
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The cell body of the second neuron in the chain of sympathetic motor neurons lies where?
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in the sympathetic ganglion
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The second axon of sympathetic motor neurons returns to the spinal nerve via a...
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gray ramus communicans
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Where are gray rami communicantes found?
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at all vertebral levels
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To reach the viscera, the first axon enters the sympathetic chain but passes through it, without synapsing, to travel in a...
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splanchnic nerve
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Sensory fibers for pain from the heart are carried via...
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sympathetic afferent nerves
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The parasympathetic outflow is also a ___-______ system
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two-neuron
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In the parasympathetic system, the second neuron is much ______ than the first neuron
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shorter
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The vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to...
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heart
lungs first two thirds of the GI tract |
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The base of the skull develops by...
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endochondral bone formation
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The cranial vault, which comprises the majority of the neurocranium, is formed entirely by...
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intramembranous bone formation
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True/False?
The mandible has elements of both types of bone formation |
True
The majority is developed via intramembranous ossification |
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fontanelles
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“soft spots” of a newborn
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the skull is composed of how many bones?
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22
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Diploe
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the soft mesenchymal tissue between the inner and outer table of the skull. It contains bone marrow and transmits diploic veins.
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Emissary veins
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channels of venous communication between extracranial and intracranial vessels
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Bones of the Cranium
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STEP OFf my cranium
Sphenoid Temporal Ethmoid Parietal Occipital Frontal |
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Bones of the Face
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Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh
Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal |
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Pterion
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joining point of temporal, frontal, sphenoid and parietal bone
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large irregular shaped bone contains or contributes parts of foramina that transmit the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve
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The Sphenoid Bone
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There are how many cervical vertebrae?
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seven
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first cervical vertebra
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atlas
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second cervical vertebra
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axis
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A unique feature of all cervical vertebrae is the foramen...
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transversarium, which transmits the vertebral artery
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The skeletal system is comprised of:
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1. Bones
2. Cartilages 3. Ligaments 4. Joints |
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Each individual muscle fiber is covered by a thin layer of loose connective tissue called
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endomysium
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perimysium
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dense connective tissue that covers many parallel muscle fibers bundled together
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Each muscle bundle enveloped by perimysium is known as a...
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muscle fascicle
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epimysium
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the deep fascia encasing a muscle
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What constitutes a single muscle?
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The muscle fascicles and their corresponding epimysium
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aponeuroses
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flat tendinous sheets that anchor one muscle to another muscle or bone
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Connective tissue bands that pass across a joint anchoring one bone to another bone, often forming a capsule around the joint, are known as...
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ligaments
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origin of a muscle
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usually a fixed structure/bone and is generally (but not always) at the proximal end of the muscle
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Agonist
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the main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement.
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Fixator muscles
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steady the proximal part of the limb while movements are occurring in its distal parts
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Synovial joints
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the most common type of joint in the body and provide greatest movement.
The articular surface of most synovial joints is covered by hyaline cartilage The entire joint is covered by ligaments forming an articular capsule which is lined by a synovial membrane |
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Fibrous joints are bony appositions separated by fibrous connective tissue. There are two major types:
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1. Syndesmoses- restrict movements between two adjacent bones
2. Sutures- are joints between two flat bones |
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two major types of cartilagenous joints:
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1. Synchondroses- temporary joints that will eventually be ossified into a bony component
2. Symphyses-joints separated by a cartilage. Generally located in the midline and interposed between the fusion of two bones (e.g. pubic symphysis) |
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Which is the more proximal and fixed site of a muscle attachment?
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The origin
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Anterior abdominal wall extends from...
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the diaphragm downward to the pelvis
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From outside in, the anterior abdominal wall has ___ layers of superficial fascia, then ____ layers of muscle like those of the thorax
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two; three
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Camper’s fascia
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The more superficial, fatty layer of superficial fascia of the abdomen
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Scarpa’s fascia
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The deeper, membranous layer of superficial fascia of the abdomen
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Scarpa’s fascia is continuous with...
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the superficial penile fascia on the penis, superficial fascia in the perineum, and the dartos fascia in the scrotal sac (labia majora in females)
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Lymph drainage from the abdominal wall is upward to _______ nodes and downward to _______ nodes
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axillary; inguinal
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Function of Abdominal muscles:
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flex and rotate the trunk, and support the abdominal contents, particularly the mobile intestines.
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The anastomosis in the anterior midline of the abdomen is called the...
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linea alba
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Posteriorly, the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles attach to the...
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lumbar fascia
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The muscular wall of the abdomen is lined by _____ ________, which encloses the organs of the GI tract
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parietal peritoneum
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The ends of the rolled, lower edge of external oblique has fibers attached to what?
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anterior superior iliac spine
the pubic tubercle pubic crest |
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The lower edge of the external oblique forms what?
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inguinal ligament, which is also the floor of the inguinal canal.
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conjoint tendon
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Medially, fibers of internal and oblique and transversus abdominis combine to form the conjoint tendon that inserts into the pubic crest
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The neurovascular plane is between what two structures in the abdomen?
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internal oblique
transversus abdominis |
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Useful marks for dermatomes in the abdomen are:
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umbilicus (T10);
pubic tubercle (T12); skin of anterior scrotum or labia majora (L1). |
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the rectus abdominis attaches inferiorly to...
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pubic symphysis and pubic crest
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the rectus abdominis attaches superiorly onto...
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costal cartilages of the lowest ribs (5-7) and the xiphoid process
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What vessels pass in front of the arcuate line to reach the deep surface of the rectus abdominis muscle and supply it?
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The inferior epigastric vessels
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The inferior epigastric vessels are branches of...
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the external iliac vessels
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What is the purpose of the inguinal canal?
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allowed passage of the testes out of the abdominal cavity into the scrotal sac, essential for lowering the temperature for sperm development.
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What forms the superficial inguinal ring?
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Aponerosis of external oblique wrapped around the spermatic cord
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What forms the deep inguinal ring?
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fibers of tranversus abdominis and internal oblique.
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Fibers lateral and medial to the superficial inguinal ring form the...
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lateral and medial crura
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fascia lata
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the broad fascia of the thigh.
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Sympathetic nerves to the wall and limbs synapse in ganglia of the sympathetic chain located lateral to the vertebral bodies and thus are called...
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paravertebral ganglia
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The enteric nervous system is controlled in by parasympathetic fibers carried in the _______ nerve and ______ nerves 2,3, and 4.
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vagus; sacral
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Splanchnic nerves synapse in...
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ganglia or plexuses associated with the origins of the major blood vessels supplying the gut
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Foregut:
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extends from the lower part of the esophagus to the 2nd part of the duodenum. Its blood supply is derived from the celiac trunk. Parasympathetic supply is via the vagus nerve, sympathetic supply is via the thoracic splanchnic nerves which synapse in the celiac ganglion.
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Midgut:
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extends from the remaining duodenum through the small bowel and the large bowel about 2/3 of the transverse colon. Blood supply is via the superior mesenteric artery. Parasympathetic supply is again by the vagus, sympathetic again via the thoracic splanchnics.
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Hindgut:
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remaining portion of transverse colon through to rectum. Blood supply via the inferior mesenteric artery. Parasympathetic supply is via fibers from S2, 3, and 4 (pelvic splanchnics). Sympathetic supply is via lumbar splanchnics. Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers contribute to the inferior mesenteric plexus.
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Innervation to visceral peritoneum comes from the adjacent ______, while innervation to parietal peritoneum comes from the adjacent ____.
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viscus; wall
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portions of the gut that become retroperitoneal
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The middle portions (2 and 3) of the duodenum, the pancreas, and the ascending and descending colons
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This horizontal plane lies halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis (or halfway between the xiphoid process—bottom of the sternum—and umbilicus)
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transpyloric plane
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Retroperitoneal structures list
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SAD PUCKER:
Suprarenal glands Aorta & IVC Duodenum (half) Pancreas Ureters Colon (ascending & descending) Kidneys Esophagus (anterior & left covered) Rectum |
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the portion of peritoneum going to from the spleen to the kidney the posterior wall
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lienorenal ligament
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The caudate lobe of the liver is separated from the left lobe by the...
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ligamentum venosum
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Vessels that carry blood containing nutrients from the GI tract to the liver for further processing
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splenic, superior mesenteric and, inferior mesenteric veins
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The common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gall bladder to form the...
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common bile duct
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The hormone that causes contraction of the gall bladder walls and release of bile
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cholecystokinin
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The stomach walls have 3 layers of smooth muscle with fibers that are...
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longitudinal, circular and oblique. More muscles than anywhere else in GI tract. Other portions of the GI tract have only the longitudinal and circular layers
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plicae
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To gain surface area for adsorption, the interior of the small bowel has many folds (plicae), which become gradually smaller as you pass down the bowel
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Taenia coli
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"tendons of the colon" are 3 collections or bands of the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
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Haustra
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are the folds created because the taenia coli are shorter than the intestinal walls.
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About 2/3 of the way along the transverse colon is the boundary between...
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midgut and hindgut
Differentiated based on the blood vessels supplying them. Branches of the sup. mesenteric artery supply the midgut portion, while branches of the inferior mesenteric artery supply the hindgut portion |
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The wall of the GI tract has four layers:
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1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa, 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa or adventitia. |
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The mucosa of the GI tract is composed of:
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1. Epithelium
2. Lamina propria - supports the epithelium and contains blood vessels and lymphocytes 3. Muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle that powers local shape changes for mixing of material in the lumen. |
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portion of the enteric nervous system that controls secretion as well as contraction of the muscularis mucosa.
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Meissner’s plexus
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Auerbach’s plexus
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enteric nerve plexus that controls muscles of peristalsis
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The only place in the body where layers of striated and smooth muscle occur together
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Esophagus
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the abrupt change in epithelium from esophagus to cardia of stomach
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stratified squamous to simple columnar
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Mucous neck cells of stomach
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secrete mucus that is somewhat less thick than that secreted by the surface cells.
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Chief cells
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secrete precursors of digestive enzymes (e.g. pepsinogen)
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Parietal (oxyntic) cells
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secrete HCl and gastric intrinsic factor needed to bind Vitamin B12 for absorption. These cells are relatively long-lived
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Enterocytes
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cells that are specialized for absorption, are located on both villi and in glands. They use specific transporter proteins to take up amino acids and oligopeptides of 2-3 amino acids as well as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
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Mucosal glands of the small intestine contain several cell types:
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Goblet cells at base of villi secrete mucus. They contain large granules containing mucin; these granules are mostly lost during H&E preparation, so the cells look empty.
B. Paneth cells lie at the base of the gland. They are highly eosinophilic and secrete lysozyme, which is bactericidal and helps to regulate the intestinal flora. C. Enteroendocrine cells secrete several hormones, including: cholecystokinin and secretin : regulate the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes |
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Brünner’s glands
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lie in the submucosa of the duodenum and resemble both zymogen and mucus – secreting cells. Their secretion is mildly basic (pH 8-9) and neutralizes the acid of the stomach
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crypts of Lieberkühn
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numerous straight unbranched mucosal glands in the colon
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The external anal sphincters are skeletal muscle, innervated by somatic motor fibers in the _______ nerve
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pudendal
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Sarcomeres are separated from one another by...
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Z lines/disks
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A band
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dark zone that represents the length of thick filaments
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I band
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on either side of A bands. Light-colored, less dense. Composed of thin filaments only.
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Folds in the synaptic clefts are called what?
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junctional folds.
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The dorsal root ganglion
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a bulge found on the dorsal root that contains the cell bodies for sensory neurons
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pre-vertebral ganglia
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ganglia associated with major blood vessels branching from the aorta, so they lie in front of the aorta. This means they also lie in front of the vertebral column, so they are called pre-vertebral ganglia.
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Retroperitoneal organs (major)
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"AC/DC Rocker Kids Party Down":
Ascending Colon Descending Colon Rectum Kidneys Pancreas Duodenum |
