Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The cytoskeleton is composed of 3 well defined filamentous structures
|
1) Microtubules
2) Microfilaments 3) Intermediate Filaments |
|
|
Key to Cytoskeletal functions
|
1) Structure and support
2) Intracellular transport 3) Contractility and Motility 4) Spatial Organization |
|
|
Anaerobes
|
Organisms that capture and utilize energy in oxygen independent metabolism.
|
|
|
Aerobes
|
Organisms that incorporate O2 into their metabolism.
Can completely oxidize products like lactic acid and ethanol to CO2 and H2O. Without the ability to utilize O2 energy rich products like lactic acid and ethanol accumulate. |
|
|
Mitochondria replicate by ?
|
Fission
|
|
|
What do mitochondria do for live cells?
|
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell
-aerobic metabolism -TCA cycle |
|
|
Where is ATP synthesized?
|
Mitochondrial membrane
|
|
|
___ increase the surface area to accomodate all of the reactions.
|
Cristae
|
|
|
Catabolic pathways
|
break down complex molecules to simpler ones
|
|
|
Anabolic pathways
|
lead to synthesis of more complex molecules from simple ones
|
|
|
Energy released by catabolic pathways is stored in 2 forms:
|
1) High energy electrons - NADPH
2) High energy phosphates --ATP |
|
|
NAD+
|
Cofactor derived from the vitamin niacin used to capture electrons
|
|
|
NADH
|
High energy compound since it can transfer electrons to other electron acceptors
|
|
|
Catabolic pathways
|
break down complex molecules to simpler ones
|
|
|
Anabolic pathways
|
lead to synthesis of more complex molecules from simple ones
|
|
|
Energy released by catabolic pathways is stored in 2 forms:
|
1) High energy electrons - NADPH
2) High energy phosphates --ATP |
|
|
NAD+
|
Cofactor derived from the vitamin niacin used to capture electrons
|
|
|
NADH
|
High energy compound since it can transfer electrons to other electron acceptors
|
|
|
High energy bonds are ____ ?
____ kcal / bond in ATP ___ kcal / bond in AMP |
* phosphoanhydride bonds
* 7.3 * 2 |
|
|
Glycolysis
|
Conversion of glucose to pyruvate.
-> generates some ATP + NADH -> Does not require O2 In aerobic cells pyruvate is transported to mitochondria where it is converted to CO2 + H2O. ATP is generated by chemiosmotic coupling (PMF) |
|
|
What happens if O2 is limiting in muscle
|
Muscle ferments. Muscle cells secrete lactic acid which is taken up by the liver (via blood) and reoxidized to pyruvate.
Pyruvate is then transfered to CO2 or glucose. |
|
|
Actin is an ____
|
ATPase
|
|
|
ATP assembles ______
GTP assembles ______ |
1) actin microfilament assembly
2) microtubule assembly |
|
|
Microfilaments
|
Known as actin filaments or F-actin for filamentous actin.
|
|
|
Sarcomeres
|
exhibit a characteristic binding pattern that gives the muscle fiber a striated appearance.
|
|
|
Thick filaments consist of ___ and ___
Thin filaments are only ____ filaments |
1) myosin and actin filaments
2) actin |
|
|
Actin filaments are ___ bands
Myosin filaments are __ bands |
1) I
2) A |
|
|
The center of the A band region contains only myosin filaments and is called
|
H zone
|
|
|
Each sarcomere extends from
|
one Z line to the next Z line.
|
|
|
All skeletal muscles operate by ___
Units of shortening |
1) shortening
2) sarcomeres |
|
|
In addition to actin, the thin filaments of muscle contain two other proteins:
____ and _____ |
tropomyosin and troponin
|
|
|
Two other major proteins found in the sarcomere
|
titin and nebulin
|
|
|
Muscle fibers are organized into groups or ____
|
motor units
|
|
|
The point of contact of a terminus of an axon with a muscle fiber is called a _____
|
neuromuscular junction
|
|
|
The steps that link arrival of a nerve impulse to the shortening of the sarcomeres within the muscle fiber is called
|
excitation-contraction coupling
|
|
|
The nerve impulse is propogated to the interior of the cell along the ____ or ___
|
transerves tubules or T-tubules
|
|
|
The T-tubules terminate in close proximity to a system of cytoplasmic membranes that make up the ______
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
About 80% of the integral membrane protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum consisits of ______
|
Ca2+ ATPase molecules
|
