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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What nuclear changes are characteristic of degenerative neutrophils?
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decreased nuclear stain intensity
nuclear swelling |
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etiologies for suppurative inflammation
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bacteria
fungus immune mediated chemical irritation neoplasia |
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etiologies for granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation
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fungus
foreign body chronic inflammatory conditions Mycobacterium |
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3 cell types assoc. w/ granulomatous inflammation
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activated MPs
epitheliod MPs multinucleated giant cells |
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etiologies for lymphocytic inflammation
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immune mediated (allergies)
viruses gastroenteritis vaccine rxn |
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etiologies for eosinophilic inflammation
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tissue parasites
fungus paraneoplastic (LSA, MCT) hypersensitivity |
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What is atypical hyperplasia?
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expanded intermediate lymph pop’n (may be predominant cell type)
can occur w/ some systemic inflammatory dz (Ehrlichiosis, FeLV) may be hard to distinguish from small cell lymphoma |
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What are some disorders in which intermediate sized lymphocytes may predominate?
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small & intermediate sized lymphomas
atypical hyperplasia feline GI lymphoma vs. lymphoplasmacytic inflammation |
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Epithelial cells
a. cellularity b. arrangement c. shape d. borders e. special feature(s) |
a. good
b. clusters c. round-oval alone, cuboidal, columnar, or polygonal in clusters d. distinct cell borders e. clear cell-cell junctions |
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Neuroendocrine cells
a. cellularity b. arrangement c. shape d. borders e. special feature(s) |
a. good
b. clusters or acinar arrangements c. cuboidal to round d. variably distinct e. naked nuclei |
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Mesenchymal Cells
a. cellularity b. arrangement c. shape d. borders e. special feature(s) |
a. poor
b. individual c. spindle or oval d. wispy e. may see matrix |
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Round Cells
a. cellularity b. arrangement c. shape d. borders e. special feature(s) |
a. very good
b. individual c. round d. distinct |
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What is metaplasia?
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replacement of 1 adult cell type by another
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Give 2 examples of metaplasia
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squamous metaplasia of bronchial epi d/t chronic irritation
squamous metaplasia of prostatic epi d/t irritation or estrogen |
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What is dysplasia?
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abnormal cellular development that is NOT neoplastic
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What is a characteristic feature of dysplastic cells?
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mature cytoplasm w/ immature nuclei
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What are some nuclear criteria of malignancy?
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-macronuclei or nuclear fragments (micronuclei)
-anisokaryosis -multinucleated cells, esp. variably sized or odd # of nuclei (cell didn’t divide properly) -irregular nuclear shape -abnormal mitotic figures: chromatin going in > 2 directions -nucleoli: multiple, large; angular or irregularly shaped; variably sized -atypical chromatin patterns -nuclear molding: nucleus of 1 cell deformed by growth of adjacent cell -variable nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio |
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What are some other criteria of malignancy?
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-↑ basophilia of cytoplasm
-vacuolization -atypical granulation -presence of foreign cell pop’n -phagocytosis |
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What are the types of epithelial tumors we must ID?
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-tumors w/ follicular differentiation
-basal cell tumor -perianal gland adenoma -apocrine gland adenocarcinoma -squamous cell carcinoma |
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What are the types of mesenchymal tumors we must ID?
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-lipoma
-soft tissue sarcoma |
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What are the types of round cell tumors we must ID?
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-histiocytoma
-mast cell tumor -plasmacytoma -transmissible venereal tumor |
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What are the normal protein & cell values for a pure transudate?
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protein < 2.5 g/dl
cells < 1500/ul |
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What are the normal protein & cell values for a modified transudate?
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2.5 < protein < 7.5 g/dl
1000 < cells < 7000/ul |
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What are the normal protein & cell values for an exudate?
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protein > 3 g/dl
cells > 7000/ul |
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What are 3 differences between equine & other species normal pleural or peritoneal fluid?
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HORSE:
higher cellularity: 4000/ul vs. 3000/ul larger volume mix of large mononuculear cells & non-degenerate neutrophils vs. mostly large mononuclear cells |
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What are the 2 types of cancer are commonly seen in effusions?
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carcinoma
lymphoma |
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What is the cell composition of chylous effusion?
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mostly small well differentiated monocytes (can have inc. neutrophils w/ time)
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What is the pathognomonic cytologic feature assoc. w/ FIP?
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eosinophilic, stippled background
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What is the primarily inflammatory cell type seen w/ FIP?
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non-degenerate neutrophils
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ddx: pure transudate or modified transudate
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dec. oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia)
inc. hydrostatic pressure (R heart failure) neoplasia bile peritonitis chylous effusion |
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ddx: exudate
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non-septic: FIP, post-surgical, colic, volvulus, intussesception
septic: 99% bacterial, may be fungal |
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Mycobacterium
a. description b. extracellular or intracellular? c. type of inflammation |
a. slender, non-staining rods
b. extracellular or w/in MPs c. granulomatous/pyogranulomatous |
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Actinomyces/Nocardia
a. description b. extracellular or intracellular? |
a. long filamentous rods, basophilic & beaded, sulfur granules
b. extracellular |
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Dermatophilus
a. descriptoion b. extracellular or intracellular? |
a. coccoid spores that make basophilic branching rows ("stacked coins" or "tram track")
b. extracellular |
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Histoplasma
a. description b. extracellular or intracellular? c. size d. type of budding |
a. oval w/ no capsule: half empty, half full appearance
b. intracellular c. 2-5 um d. budding usually not seen |
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Cryptococcus
a. description b. extracellular or intracellular? c. size d. type of budding |
a. round w/ wide non-staining capsule
b. extracellular c. 5-25 um d. narrow based (tear drop) |
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Blastomyces
a. description b. extracellular or intracellular? c. size d. type of budding |
a. dark blue, round, refractile w/ no capsule
b. extracellular c. 5-30 um d. broad based |
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Sporothrix
a. description b. extracellular or intracellular? |
a. basophilic round or football shaped yeast
b. intracellular |
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Malassezia
a. description |
a. basophilic oval yeast w/ broad based budding ("shoe print")
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Aspergillus
a. description |
a. thin septate branching hyphae; fruiting bodies
must culture to ID |
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Oomycetes/Zygomycetes
a. description |
non-staining poorly septate branching hyphal elements
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Toxoplasmosis
a. description |
banana shaped tachyzoites that may look round or oval w/in cells
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Describe the cellular composition of:
a. normal lymph node b. reactive/hyperplastic ln c. lymphoma d. lymphadenitis e. metastasis w/in ln f. perinodal fat g. salivary tissue |
a. 75-95% small lymphs
b. > 50% small lymphs c. > 50% lymphoblasts d. inc. neuts, eos, MPs, or MNGCs e. presence of foreign cell pop'n f. huge cells w/ tiny nuclei g. streaming pink background w/ windrowing of RBCs, naked nuclei, & glandular epi cells |
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Describe the cytologic appearance of a mucocele.
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pink/light blue mucus background
large vacuolated cells w/ abundant cytoplasm |
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Describe the cytologic appearance of sebaceous hyperplasia.
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clusters of epi cells w/ lots of highly vacuolated cytoplasm & small central nuclei
+ reserve cells |
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mast cell tumor
a. cell type b. description c. inflammatory cells present |
a. round
b. cytoplasm full of purple granules that obscure nucleus c. +/- eos |
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histiocytoma
a. cell type b. nucleus description c. cytoplasmic characteristic d. inflammatory cells present |
a. round
b. round to indented c. LIGHTER outside (scalloped cell border) d. small lymphs |
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plasma cell tumor
a. cell type b. nucleus description c. cytoplasmic characteristic |
a. round
b. round to indented nucleus w/ coarse chromatin c. DARKER outside binucleated cells common |
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TVT
a. cell type b. nucleus description c. cytoplasm description |
a. round
b. round nucleus w/ coarse chromatin, prominent nucleoli c. pale w/ scattered vacuoles |
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basal cell tumor
a. behavior, features look ___ b. cell type c. cell shape d. cytoplasm |
a. benign w/ benign features
b. epithelial c. clustered cuboidal cells d. deeply basophilic cytoplasm |
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Perianal adenoma
a. behavior, features look ____ b. cell type c. cell shape d. cytoplasm |
a. benign w/ benign features
b. epithelial c. clusters of "hepatoid" cells d. pink/blue mottled cytoplasm also reserve cells |
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apocrine gland adenocarcinoma
a. behavior w/ ________ features b. cell type c. description |
a. malignant w/ benign features
b. epithelial c. neuroendocrine: acinar arrangements; pale cytoplasm, round nuclei, naked nuclei |
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SCC
a. behavior w/ ______ features b. cell type c. description |
a. malignant w/ malignant features
b. epithelial c. keratinization: angular cells w/ pale to deep blue cytoplasm ("ground glass") overt criteria of malignancy |
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tumors w/ follicular differentation/follicular cyst
a. behavior w/ _____ features b. cell type c. description |
a. benign w/ benign features
b. epithelial c. mature squamous cells +/- ghost cells, keratinized cells & debris |
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lipoma
a. cell type b. description |
a. mesenchymal
b. clusters of huge ring shaped cells w/ tiny nuclei |
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soft tissue sarcoma
a. cell type b. description |
a. mesenchymal
b. criteria or malignany, caution w/ inflammation |
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melanoma
a. description |
a. variable appearance, malignant features, pigmentation
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histiocytic proliferative disorders
a. description |
a. pleomorphic pop'n of discrete cells: MNGCs, erythrophagia
oval, spindle, or irregular shape overt criteria of malignancy |
