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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?
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1- all living things are composed of cells or a cell
2- cells are basic units of structure and function in living things 2- New cells are produced from existing cells |
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What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover?
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tiny living organism in pond water
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What did Robert Hooke discover?
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plant cell, cell walls in cork tissue
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range of cell size
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most are 5 to 50 micrometers in diameter
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What has the smallest cells and usually what range?
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bacteria : 0.1 to 1.0 microns
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3 funtioncs of cell membrane
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1- regulates what eneters leaves the cell
2- helps protect and support the cell 3- separates th cell from the environment |
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what is a phoslipid? (describe)
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- double-layered membrane
- gives flexible structure - makes cell membranes |
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what are the 3 types of proteins in the cell membrane?
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1- protein channel (some are pumps)
2- marker proteins 3- receptor proteins |
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What is a protein channel?
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it lets things go in and out of a cell
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what is a protein pump?
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it pumps and moves things around a cell
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what are carbohydrates inside a cell used for?
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chemical identification cards
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groups of cells that have a cell wall
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plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes
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what are the 2 functions of a cell wall?
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1- provides support
2- provides protection |
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what is the structure of a cell wall?
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fibers of carbohydrate and protein
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cells without a nucleus
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prokaryotes/prokaryotic cells
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cells with a nucleus
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eukaryotes/eukaryotic cells
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4 functions of a nucleus
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1- information center
2- has the DNA of the cell 3- contains "recipe" for making all the compounds that the cell will need 4-directs all activities of the cell |
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what is a chromatin?
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DNA bound to proteins
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What are the 3 components of a nucleus?
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1- nuclear envelope
2- nucleolus 3- chromosomes |
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What is the function of a nuclear envelope?
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it has two membranes with pores to allow materials to move in and out
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What is the function of a nucleolus?
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produces ribosomes
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What happens to ribosomes after it's produced in a nucleolus?
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it moves to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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When are chromosomes visible?
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during mitosis
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What is the definition of cytoplasm?
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the area between nuclear envelope to the cell membrane
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What is the definition of organelles?
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structures that perform special functions
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What is the structure of mitochondria?
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- 2 membranes
- the inner membrane is folded up inside organelles |
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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converts chemicalenergy stored in food ito convenient compounds for cellular use
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Where are chloroplasts only found in?
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plant cells and some protists
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what is the structure of chloroplasts?
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many membranes does the chloroplast have?
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2
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What are the 3 components of organelles?
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- mitochondria
- chloroplasts - ribosomes |
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what is the function of mitochondria?
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change food energy into energy the cell can use
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what are ribosmes made of?
small particles of ___ and ____ |
small particles of RNA and proteins
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what does ribosomes do?
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makes proteins
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What the 2 types of ribosomes?
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free and attached
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some examples of unicellular organisms...
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protist
bacteria |
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cells are the building units of..
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any living things
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when did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover tiny living organisms?
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1674
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where was Anton van Leeuwenhoek from?
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Halland/Netherlands
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Anton is the "father" of the first..
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single lens microscope/ magnifying glass
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Even though Robert Hooke discovered the "first cells" what did he really see?
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leftover cell walls that are empty
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Robert Hooke named
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"cells"
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What did Robert Hooke think the cell walls looked like?
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the tiny cell rooms in the monastery
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micro/micrometer is... of a mm
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1/1000
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what are the 3 basic structures of a cell?
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1- cell membrane
2- nucleus 3- cytoplasm |
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Explain the cell membrane in the cell structure
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boundary around the cell that separates the cell from the environment
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Explain the cell nucleus in the cell structure
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control center of any eukaryotic cells
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Explain the cytoplasm in the cell structure
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from nuclear envelope to the cell membrane
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the cytoplasm is mostly...
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water
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What regulates what enters and leaves the cell, and what not?
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cell membrane NOT cell wall
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there are lots of... inside cells
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water
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explain the phospholipid bilayer (its name)
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phospholipid - lipid with phosphorous
bilayer - 2 layers |
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phosphate group likes... and reacts... so they are ...
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water
turns towards it hydrophillic |
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fatty acid chains dislikes.. and reacts.. so they are...
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water
turns away from it hydrophobic |
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without the phosphate group, there will be no ______
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cell membrane
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Explain the marker proteins inside the cell membrane
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used for identification, like a name tag
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explain the receptor proteins inside a cell membrane
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proteins that bind with a specific molecules
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analogy used for receptor proteins is :
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lock and key
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there are only _ types of cells
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2
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prokaryotes has long coil of ...
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DNA
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Prokaryotes has no ___ and no ____
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true nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles |
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what are membrane-bound organelles?
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organelles without membranes
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what type of organelle does prokaryotes have?
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ribosomes
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does ribosomes has membranes?
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no
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eurkaryotes have ___ and ____
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true nucleus
membrane-bound organelles |
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eukaryotes has ribosomes to make ...
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proteins
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The core of nearly all cell membranes is a double-layered sheet called...
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lipid bilayer
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difference between function of proteins and carbohydrates attached to a cell membrane?
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protein - helps transport substances or to help with the process
carbohydrates - chemical ID cards |
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T or F?
the cell wall lies inside the cell membrane |
F
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what are plant cell walls mostly made of?
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fibers of carbohydrates and proteins
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cell wall allows ....
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certain substances to pass through easily
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why does cell wall allow certain substances to pass through easily?
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because it's very porous
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there are _ layer in the cell wall
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2
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what is chitin?
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the cell wall material in fungi
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what is the plant cell wall material?
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cellulose
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between cell walls that acts like glue to hold cells together:
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pectin
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nucleus is the.. (analogy)
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brain
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neucleus is the... ____ control center
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genetic
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nucleus contains chromatin which are ___ in proteins in the nucleus when the cell is _________
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DNA
not dividing |
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structure of nuclear envelope?
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two membranes with pores
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why does the nucleolus make ribosomes in 2 parts?
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so it can get out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores
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what are nucleolus made up of?
___ and ___ |
RNA and protein
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what are chromosomes made up of?
___ and ____ |
DNA and protein
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what is mitosis?
______... NOT the _______ |
division of a nucleus NOT the cell division
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if the cell is not divided, then you do not see the ___
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chromosomes
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what is the division of cytoplasm called?
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cytokaineses
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plasma membrane = _____
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cell membrane
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where are organelles found in?
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cytoplasm
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why is the inner membrane folded in?
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to increase surface area
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the energy converted by the mitochondria can be stored into...
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ATP
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analogy for mitochondria?
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power factory
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photosynthesis takes ____, ____, and _____ and stores it in _____
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water, carbon dioxide, solar energy, glucose
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the stacks in chloroplasts are called..
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grana
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the pancakes in grana are called..
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thylakoids
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why are there stacks in chloroplasts?
to ________________ to store ____ |
to increase surface area to store energy
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chloroplasts' waste ____
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oxygen
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where are ribosomes found in?
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throughout the cytoplasm
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how does the ribosomes make the proteins? (with what)
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with the recipe from the DNA in the nucelus
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ribosomes can be attached to ____ and to _____
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endoplasmic reticulum and to nuclear envelope
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ER stands for:
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endoplasmic reticulum
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ER is a network of ____ in the _____
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membranes in the cytoplasm
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ER is the place where many ______ are changed and altered
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biochemicals
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what does ER do?
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transport materials throughout the cell
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ER can be like a ___ or a ___ (its form)
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tunnel or a channel
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what are the two types of ER?
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rough and smooth
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why is rough called rough?
and why is smooth called smooth? |
because there are ribosomes stuck on them
because there aren't any ribosomes stuck on them |
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the smooth ER works a lot to break down _____ in the cell
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toxin/bad things
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liver cells contain many of these
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smooth ER
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the rough ER chemically ___ newly made ___
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modifies, proteins
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Golgi Apparatus appears as a _____________
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stack of closely apposed membranes
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what does apposed mean?
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mutually fitting
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Golgi Apparatus is somewhat like a ________ shop
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customization
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the function of the golgi apparatus is to ___, ___, and ____ _____ and other materials from the ___ ____ for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
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sort, modify, package proteins, endoplasmic reticulum
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golgi apparatus is where things can be changed and be ____ to be sent out of the cell
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readied
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homeostasis is the ____ of a ____ internal environment
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maintenance, controlled
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lysosomes is the .... (analogy)
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cleanup crew
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lysosomes: small organelles filled with ____
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enzymes
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function of lysosomes is to ________ lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into usable small molecules for cells to use
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break down
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lysosomes break down... what?
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proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
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paramecium contains a vacuole called a ____ vacuole that pumps ____ ____ out of the cell
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contractile, excess water
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vacuoles are the ___ ____ (analogy)
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storage place
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vacuoles and found in some ____ organisms and some ____
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unicellular, animals
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vacuoles are like ... (structure)
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sacs
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vacuoles support ____ in ____ cells
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heavy structures in plant cells
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vacuoles store materials such as ____, ___, ____, and ____
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water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates
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plant cells' vacuole is a single large one filled with ____
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liquid
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plastids has ____
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DNA
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pastids' structure is large thing ___with ____ membrane
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tubes, double
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plastids' function is to ___ molecules such as ___ or ____(starch)
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store, pigment, food(starch)
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special types of plastids - 3:
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chloroplasts
leukoplasts chromoplasts |
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chloroplasts are biological equivalents of _____ ______ ______
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solar power plants
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chloroplasts has large stacks of other _____
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membranes
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chloroplasts uses _______ to convert solar energy into chemical energy
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photosynthesis
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what color and leukoplasts?
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colorless
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leukoplasts stores ___, ____, and ___ althought they're not a major source for storage
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lipids, proteins, starch
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chromroplasts are involved with ____ which gives color
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pigmentation
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cytoskeleton are composed of _____ and ___
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protein filaments and fibers
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the 2 principle protein filaments that make up the _____ are ___ and _____
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cytoskeleton, microfilaments, microtubules
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cytoskeleton is the structure of a _____ in the analogy
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building
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microfilaments are threadlike with the protein ____
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actin
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microfilaments help with the ____ the supports the cell
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framework
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microtubules are hollow with proteins ____
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tubulins
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microtubules main the cell ____
and is involved with cell ___ |
shape, division
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microtubules form a structure known as the _____ ____, which helps to separate chromososomes
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mitotic spindle
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in animal cells, tubulin is also used to form a pair of structures known as _____ that are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell ____
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centrioles, division
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centioles are only in ____ NOT ___
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animals, plants
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what is cytoplasmic streaming?
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the flowing of cytoplasma in eukaryotic cells
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newly made proteins leave the ribosomes from ____ and are inserted into the ____ where they may be chemically ____
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rough ER, rough ER, modified
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_____ that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into _____ and moved along the _____ toward their destination.
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Proteins, vesicles, cytoskeleton
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Proteins from the rough ER are put into ______, then it's absorbed into the _____, then from there, it's put into the _____, and then moved to their _____
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vesicles
golgi apparatus vesicles final destination |
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lysosomes contain _____, which can open up in certain things and make them "self-destruct" example: they open up in the tail of tadpole and "self-destruct" itself to make the tail disappear
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digestive enzymes
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lysosomes can cause changes in _____
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development
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chromroplasts stores _____
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other pigments
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proteins are generally used for _____ or _____
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support
movement |
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cytoplasmic streaming is in a _____ state of _____
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constant, motion
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plastids also make ____
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food
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chloroplasts stores ____
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chlorophyll
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leukoplast example.. it's in the ____ of a ____
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root, potato
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a use of a cytoloskeleton: they support the ____
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cell
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a use of a cytoskeleton: they drive cell movement of ____
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organelles
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a use of a cytoskeleton: movement of organelles can ____ onto one of the ____ and move around
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hook, protein tubules
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a use of a cytoskeleton: there's a network of small ____
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proteins
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cytoplasmic streaming is caused by the ____
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cytoskeleton
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